Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yangochiroptera
Superfamilia: Noctilionoidea
Familia: Phyllostomidae
Subfamilia: Lonchorhininae
Genus: Lonchorhina
Species: Lonchorhina fernandezi
Name
Lonchorhina fernandezi Ochoa & Ibáñez, 1982
Type locality: Venezuela, Amazonas.
Distribution
South Venezuela
References
Ochoa & Ibanez, 1982. Mem. Soc. Cienc. Nat. La Salle, 42: 147.
Conservation status: IUCN: Lonchorhina fernandezi (Vulnerable)
Lonchorhina fernandezi in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Vernacular names
English: Fernandez's Sword-nosed Bat
Fernandez's sword-nosed bat (Lonchorhina fernandezi) is a species of bat in the family Phyllostomidae. It is the smallest species of the Lonchorhina genus.[2] It is endemic to Venezuela. In 2013, Bat Conservation International listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.[3] It is threatened by habitat loss. It derives its scientific name from a Venezuelan zoologist, Dr. Alberto Fernandez Badillo, whose research focused on vampire bats, in particular.[4]
Description
They weigh 9.7–10 g (0.34–0.35 oz).[5] In addition to being the smallest of the sword-nosed bats, it also has the least-complex nose-leaf.[6] Their skulls are 17.5–17.7 mm (0.69–0.70 in) long.[7] Their fur is dark brown, with individual hairs 6 mm (0.24 in) long.[5][6] Hairs are bicolored, and are darker at the base and lighter at the tip.[8] Their ears are 18–22 mm (0.71–0.87 in) long.[5] Three individuals encountered had partial albinism.[8] This species has one more saccral vertebra than the closely related Orinoco sword-nosed bat.[8]
Biology and ecology
Because only males have been found, little is known about their reproduction. However, juvenile bats have been observed in February, which suggests that females give birth in December. They possibly form harems during the breeding season. Males live in colonies that vary in size throughout the year, ranging from 1–130 individuals. Males will also share caves with other species of bats. In February, March, and August, lesser dog-like bats have been observed roosting with this species. In November, Parnell's mustached bats were observed roosting with them. Their wing morphology suggests that they are capable of fast, straight flight. Beetles and moths comprise a large portion of their diets, based on analysis of stomach contents. Like many bats, this species is host to ectoparasites, including bat flies and wing mites.[8]
Distribution
Fernandez's sword-nosed bat is only known from two states in Venezuela: Amazonas and Bolívar.[2] This area, the Llanos, is characterized by open savanna with rocky, granite outcrops.[8] Of the forty-five specimens that have been examined by researchers, however, all have been male, which could indicate that the females use different habitats than males.[2] The habitat where the bats have been found is being lost rapidly to cattle ranching.[9] They are colonial, forming large aggregations in caves and tunnels.[9]
Conservation
In addition to the threats of habitat destruction from cattle ranching, this species is also at risk from vampire bat control.[9] Humans try to exterminate vampire bats by blowing up their caves with dynamite, gassing caves with cyanide gas, or coating caves with a toxic anticoagulant.[10] These methods are often used indiscriminately because locals may not know how to distinguish vampire bats from other bats, or may mistakenly believe that all bats drink blood.[11] Technicians from Venezuela's Agriculture and Cattle Ministry have intentionally killed the Fernandez's sword-nosed bat in the past, as they applied poison to all species of bats captured in a misguided effort to control vampire bats.[12] To protect the species, the International Union for Conservation of Nature proposes that their caves receive legal protection, which would prevent extermination from misguided vampire bat control. They also suggest the cessation of ranching expansion into their known distribution [9] They are listed as endangered because it is thought that there are fewer than 250 mature individuals remaining.[9]
References
Solari, S. (2016). "Lonchorhina fernandezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12271A22039142. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12271A22039142.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Gardner, A. L. (Ed.). (2008). Mammals of South America, volume 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. University of Chicago Press.
"Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2009). The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. JHU Press.
Ochoa-G, J. y Lew, D. (2015). Murciélago narigudo menor, Lonchorhina fernandezi. En: J.P. Rodríguez, A. García-Rawlins y F. Rojas-Suárez (eds.) Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Cuarta edición. Provita y Fundación Empresas Polar, Caracas, Venezuela.
Mantilla-Meluk, Hugo; Montenegro, Olga (2016). "Nueva especie de Lonchorhina (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) de Chiribiquete, Guayana colombiana". Revista Biodiversidad Neotropical. 6 (2 Jul–Dic): 171. doi:10.18636/bioneotropical.v6i2.576.
Lassieur, Susanne; Wilson, Don E. (1989). "Lonchorhina aurita". Mammalian Species (347): 1–4. doi:10.2307/3504274. JSTOR 3504274.
Ochoa, G. J.; Sanchez, J. H. (1988). "Nuevos registros de Lonchorhina fernandezi (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) para Venezuela, con algunas anotaciones sobre su biología". Memorias de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales "La Salle". 48: 133–154.
Solari, S. (16 May 2016). "Lonchorhina fernandezi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 16 May 2016: e.T12271A22039142. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-2.rlts.t12271a22039142.en.
Johnson, Nicholas; Aréchiga-Ceballos, Nidia; Aguilar-Setien, Alvaro (2014). "Vampire Bat Rabies: Ecology, Epidemiology and Control". Viruses. 6 (5): 1911–1928. doi:10.3390/v6051911. PMC 4036541. PMID 24784570.
Reid, J. Leighton (2016). "Knowledge and Experience Predict Indiscriminate Bat-Killing Intentions among Costa Rican Men". Biotropica. 48 (3): 394–404. doi:10.1111/btp.12279.
Ochoa, Jose G. (Fall 1992). "Venezuela's Bats: A CASE FOR CONSERVATION". BATS Magazine. Austin: Bat Conservation International. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
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