Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa (Information about this image)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Ruminantia
Familia: Giraffidae
Genus: Giraffa
Species: Giraffa camelopardalis
Subspecies: G. c. angolensis – G. c. antiquorum – G. c. camelopardalis – G. c. giraffa – G. c. peralta – G. c. reticulata – G. c. rothschildi – G. c. tippelskirchi – G. c. thornicrofti
Name
Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original combination: Cervus camelopardalis
Type locality: "Habitat in Æthiopia et Sennar"; identified as Egypt, in captivity at Cairo (Thomas, 1911:150); restricted to Sudan, Sennar, by Harper (1940:322).
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 66. Reference page.
Giraffa camelopardalis in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Thomas, O. 1911. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 150.
Harper, F. 1940. The nomenclature and type localities of certain Old World mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 2l: 332.
Dagg, A. I. 1971. Giraffa camelopardalis. Mammalian Species, 5: 1–8.
Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa
Links
IUCN: Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Vulnerable)
Giraffa camelopardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: kameelperd
Akan: Yoma
አማርኛ: ቀጭኔ
مصرى: زرافه
العربية: زرافة
asturianu: Xirafa
azərbaycanca: Zürafə
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Жырафа
беларуская: Жырафа
български: Жираф
bamanankan: Ntilen
বাংলা: জিরাফ
བོད་ཡིག: ཤ་བ་སྐེ་རིང་།
brezhoneg: Jirafenn
bosanski: Žirafa
català: Girafa
Cebuano: Hirapa
ᏣᎳᎩ: ᏗᎦᎵᏍᏚᎩᏍᎩ
Tsetsêhestâhese: Tsêhe'êsenotováhe
کوردی: زەڕافە
čeština: Žirafa
dansk: Giraf
Deutsch: Giraffe
Zazaki: Zırafa
Ελληνικά: Καμηλοπάρδαλη
English: Northern giraffe
Esperanto: Ĝirafo
español: Jirafa
eesti: Kaelkirjak
euskara: Jirafa
فارسی: زرافه
suomi: Kirahvi
føroyskt: Giraffur
français: Girafe du Nord
贛語: 長頸鹿
Gaeilge: Sioráf
Gàidhlig: Sioraf
galego: Xirafa
ગુજરાતી: જિરાફ
Gaelg: Mwannalagh
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî: Chhòng-kiáng-lu̍k
Hawaiʻi: Kilape, Kamelopaki
Hausa: Raƙumin dawa
עברית: ג'ירף
हिन्दी: जिराफ़
hrvatski: Žirafa
Kreyòl ayisyen: Jiraf
magyar: zsiráf
Bahasa Indonesia: Jerapah
Ido: Jirafo
íslenska: Gíraffi
italiano: Giraffa
日本語: キリン
la .lojban.: djirafa
Jawa: Jerapah
Taqbaylit: Amdeɣ
қазақша: Керік
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಜಿರಾಫೆ
한국어: 기린
kurdî: Canhêştir
лакку: СсурухӀи
Lëtzebuergesch: Giraff
lingála: Dikálá
lietuvių: Žirafa
latviešu: Žirafe
македонски: Жирафа
മലയാളം: ജിറാഫ്
монгол: Анааш
मराठी: जिराफ
Bahasa Melayu: Zirafah
မြန်မာဘာသာ: သစ်ကုလားအုပ်
नेपाली: जिराफ
Nederlands: giraffe
norsk nynorsk: Sjiraff
norsk: Sjiraff
Nouormand: Girafe
Sesotho sa Leboa: Thutlwa
Diné bizaad: Tsin yilátah ayání
polski: Żyrafa
پنجابی: زرافہ
português: Girafa
Runa Simi: Hirapha
română: Girafă
русский: Жираф
sicilianu: Giraffa
Sängö: Kôlo
සිංහල: ජිරාෆ්
slovenčina: Žirafa štíhla
slovenščina: Žirafa
chiShona: Twiza
Soomaaliga: Geri
shqip: Gjirafa
српски / srpski: Жирафа
Sunda: Jarapah
svenska: Giraff
Kiswahili: Twiga
தமிழ்: ஒட்டகச் சிவிங்கி
తెలుగు: జిరాఫీ
тоҷикӣ: Зарофа
ไทย: ยีราฟ
Türkçe: Zürafa
удмурт: Жираф
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche: زىراپە
українська: Жирафа
اردو: زرافہ
Tiếng Việt: Hươu cao cổ
ייִדיש: זשיראף
Bân-lâm-gú: Tn̂g-ām-lo̍k
粵語: 長頸鹿
中文: 长颈鹿
isiZulu: Indlulamithi
The northern giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), also known as three-horned giraffe,[2] is the type species of giraffe, G. camelopardalis, and is native to North Africa, although alternative taxonomic hypotheses have proposed the northern giraffe as a separate species.[3][1]
Once abundant throughout Africa since the 19th century, Northern giraffes ranged from Senegal, Mali and Nigeria from West Africa to up north in Egypt. [4] The similar West African giraffes lived in Algeria and Morocco in ancient periods until their extinctions due to the Saharan dry climate.[5][6][4]
Giraffes collectively are considered Vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),[1] with around 97,000 wild individuals alive in 2016, [1] of which 5,195 are Northern giraffes.
Taxonomy and evolution
The current IUCN taxonomic scheme lists one species of giraffe with the name G. camelopardalis and nine subspecies.[1][7] A 2021 whole genome sequencing study suggests the northern giraffe as a separate species, and postulates the existence of three distinct subspecies,[8] and more recently, one extinct subspecies.[9][10][11]
| Image | Subspecies | Description | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum) | Its spots may be found below the hocks and the insides of the legs. A median lump is present in males. | Southern Chad, the Central African Republic, northern Cameroon, and the northeastern DR Congo. |
 |
Nubian giraffe (G. c. camelopardalis) | It has sharply defined chestnut-coloured spots surrounded by mostly white lines, while undersides lack spotting. Includes the Rothschild's giraffe ecotype | Eastern South Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia, in addition to Kenya and Uganda. |
 |
West African giraffe (G. c. peralta) | This animal has a lighter pelage than other subspecies, with red lobe-shaped blotches that reach below the hocks. | Southwestern Niger |
| Senegalese giraffe (G. c. senegalensis) | It had dark brown patches, with a clear contour. Body was almost uniform in size. | Extinct; formerly parts of Senegal, The Gambia, Mali, and Mauritiania up until the 1970s. |
Description
Skull of a northern giraffe, that demonstrates the ossicones on their foreheads
Often mistaken with the Southern Giraffes, Northern giraffes can be differentiated by the shape and size of the two distinctive horn-like protuberances known as ossicones on their foreheads; they are longer and larger than those of southern giraffes. Bull Northern giraffes have a third cylindrical ossicone in the center of the head just above the eyes, which is from 3 to 5 inches long.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Northern giraffes live in savannahs, shrublands, and woodlands. After numerous local extinctions, Northern giraffes are the least numerous giraffe species, and the most endangered. In East Africa, they are mostly found in Kenya and southwestern Ethiopia, and rarely in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. In Central Africa, there are about 2,000 in the Central African Republic, Chad and Cameroon. Once widespread in West Africa, a few hundred Northern giraffes are confined in the Dosso Reserve of Kouré, Niger. They are isolated in South Sudan, Kenya, Chad and Niger. They commonly live both in and outside of protected areas.[1]
The earliest ranges of the Northern giraffes were in Chad during the late Pliocene. Once abundant in North Africa, they lived in Algeria from the early Pleistocene during the Quaternary period. They lived in Morocco, Libya and Egypt until their extinction there around AD 600, as the drying climate of the Sahara made conditions impossible for giraffes. Giraffe bones and fossils have been found across these countries.[5][6]
References
Muller, Z.; Bercovitch, F.; Brand, R.; Brown, D.; Brown, M.; Bolger, D.; Carter, K.; Deacon, F.; Doherty, J.B.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Hussein, A.A.; Lee, D.; Marais, A.; Strauss, M.; Tutchings, A.; Wube, T. (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9194A136266699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). The Nubian or Three-horned giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Existing Forms of Giraffe (February 16, 1897): 14.
Petzold, Alice; Hassanin, Alexandre (2020-02-13). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS ONE. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
Hassanin, Alexandre; Ropiquet, Anne; Gourmand, Anne-Laure; Chardonnet, Bertrand; Rigoulet, Jacques (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and central Africa". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (3): 265–274. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.008. PMID 17434121.
Anne Innis Dagg (23 January 2014). Giraffe: Biology, Behaviour and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781107729445. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Fred Wendorf; Romuald Schild (11 November 2013). Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara: Volume 1: The Archaeology of Nabta Playa. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 622. ISBN 9781461506539. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
Bercovitch, Fred B.; Berry, Philip S. M.; Dagg, Anne; Deacon, Francois; Doherty, John B.; Lee, Derek E.; Mineur, Frédéric; Muller, Zoe; Ogden, Rob (2017-02-20). "How many species of giraffe are there?". Current Biology. 27 (4): R136–R137. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.039. PMID 28222287.
Coimbra, Raphael T.F.; Winter, Sven; Kumar, Vikas; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Gooley, Rebecca M.; Dobrynin, Pavel; Fennessy, Julian; Janke, Axel (2021). "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2929–2938.e5. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033. PMID 33957077.
"Giraffa camelopardalis senegalensis Petzold, Magnant & Hassanin, 2020". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
Petzold, Alice; Magnant, Anne-Sophie; Edderai, David; Chardonnet, Bertrand; Rigoulet, Jacques; Saint-Jalme, Michel; Hassanin, Alexandre (2020-08-18). "First insights into past biodiversity of giraffes based on mitochondrial sequences from museum specimens". European Journal of Taxonomy (703). doi:10.5852/ejt.2020.703. ISSN 2118-9773.
"Giraffa camelopardalis senegalensis (Senegalese giraffe) - The Recently Extinct Plants and Animals Database". recentlyextinctspecies.com. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
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