Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Rodentiaa
Subordo: Hystricomorpha
Infraordo: Hystricognathi
Parvordo: Caviomorpha
Familia: Caviidae
Subfamilia: Caviinae
Genus: Galea
Species: Galea musteloides
Name
Galea musteloides Meyen, 1832
Vernacular names
References
Galea musteloides in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
The common yellow-toothed cavy (Galea musteloides) is a species of rodent in the family Caviidae, closely related to the domesticated guinea pig.[2] It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Its karyotype has 2n = 68 and FN = 136.[2] G. musteloides is the most common and widely found member of Galea, and is present at elevations ranging from 20 to 5000 m above sea level.[1] It has yellow teeth.
A recent study reveals there are five subspecies of G. musteloides: boliviensis, demissa, leucoblephara, littoralis and musteloides. These are recognized on the basis of pelage coloration, size and shape of skull, auditory bullae size and tooth shape. The species is found within a range from southern Peru to central Argentina.[3] Evidence is mounting that the lowland form of G. musteloides is an independent species and should be called G. leucoblephara.[4] It is a “diurnal herbivore of squirrel size that lives in groups and occupies open habitat.”[5]
Female and male common yellow-toothed cavies average 37.6 g and 36.4 g at birth, respectively. G. musteloides reproduces for the first time at one to three months of age; the minimum age needed to reproduce is twenty-eight days. Gestation lasts fifty-three days and lactation for three weeks. Litter size averages 2.7.[6]
In Peru, Galea sometimes associates with tuco-tucos (Ctenomys). According to Sanborn and Pearson, Galea use tuco-tuco burrows and respond to tuco-tuco alarm calls.[6] G. musteloides is mostly found in moist areas such as stream edges and croplands.[3]
In captive groups G. musteloides establish a male and a female hierarchical order. The alpha males regularly guard receptive females, but to little effect. Usually other males also mate with the same female and in more than 80% of cases the resulting littermates have more than one father. At least in captivity the females are clearly promiscuous, always mating with several males in the group. In the wild G. musteloides is clearly territorial, and it remains unclear if a similar hierarchical social order exists, or if they live solitarily. Aggression between adult males happens regularly. Adult male G. musteloides never engage in parental activities and are aggressive to subadult males even if they are their own offspring and very young. However, males are not aggressive to females. Adult females lactate and nurse the offspring of other females during their first week of life. Nearly all offspring receive some milk from females other than their mother. However, a female's own offspring are cared for preferentially and for longer than one week.[4][7]
As closely related Galea species show a range of mating systems from monogamy to promiscuity, comparative studies are possible in these groups. General trends have been identified: a) testis size increases relative to body size in promiscuous species and b) higher social tolerance in captive held groups is associated with greater promiscuity and higher testosterone levels in males. Testosterone levels and aggression levels in males are not correlated. In fact females avoid above average aggressive males.[8]
References
Roach, N. (2016). "Galea musteloides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T86226097A22189593. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T86226097A22189593.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Musser, G. G.; Carleton, M. D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1554. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Dunnum, J. L.; Salazar-Bravo, J. (2010). "Phylogeny, evolution, and systematics of the Galea musteloides complex (Rodentia: Caviidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (1): 243–259. doi:10.1644/08-MAMM-A-214R1.1.
Adrian, O.; Sachser, N. (2011). "Diversity of social and mating systems in cavies: A review". Journal of Mammalogy. 92: 39–53. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-S-405.1.
Künkele, J.; Hoeck, H. N. (1995). "Communal suckling in the cavy Galea musteloides". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 37 (6): 385. doi:10.1007/BF00170585. S2CID 8445060.
Eisenberg, J. F., & Redford, K. H. (1999). Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil). Chicago: University of Chicago press.
Sachser, N.; Schwarz-Weig, E.; Keil, A. & Epplen, J. T. (1999). "Behavioural Strategies, Testis Size, and Reproductive Success in Two Caviomorph Rodents With Different Mating Systems". Behaviour. 136 (9): 1203–1217. doi:10.1163/156853999501720. JSTOR 4535670.
Hayes, L. D.; Burger, J. R.; Soto-Gamboa, M.; Sobrero, R. L.; Ebensperger, L. A. (February 2011). "Towards an integrative model of sociality in caviomorph rodents". Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (1): 65–77. doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-S-039.1. PMC 3277430. PMID 22328791.
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