Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Strepsirrhini
Infraordo: Lemuriformes
Superfamilia: Lorisoidea
Familia: Galagidae
Genera (6): Euoticus – Galago – Galagoides – Otolemur – Paragalago – Sciurocheirus
Name
Galagidae Gray, 1825
References
Additional references
Groves, C.P. 2005. Order Primates. Pp. 111–184 in Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) . Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Nekaris, K.A.-I. 2013. Family Galagidae (Galagos). Pp. 184–209 in Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. & Wilson, D.E. (Eds.) . Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 3. Primates. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7 Reference page.
Links
Galagidae in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Галагавыя
Ελληνικά: Γαλάγοι
italiano: Galagidi
polski: Galagowate
português: Galagídeos
svenska: Galagoer
Türkçe: Galagogiller
中文: 丛猴科
Galagos /ɡəˈleɪɡoʊz/, also known as bush babies or nagapies (meaning "night monkeys" in Afrikaans[2]), are small nocturnal[3] primates native to continental, sub-Sahara Africa, and make up the family Galagidae (also sometimes called Galagonidae). They are considered a sister group of the Lorisidae.[4][5]
According to some accounts, the name "bush baby" comes from either the animal's cries or its appearance. The Ghanaian name aposor is given to them because of their firm grip on branches.[citation needed]
In both variety and abundance, the bush babies are the most successful strepsirrhine primates in Africa, according to the African Wildlife Foundation.[3]
Taxonomic classification and phylogeny
See also: List of lorisoids
Galagos are currently grouped into six genera. Euoticus is a basal sister taxon to all the other galagids.[4] The 'dwarf' galagids recently grouped under the genus Galagoides have been found, based on genetic data, and supported by analysis of vocalisations and morphology, to actually consist of two clades, which are not sister taxa, in eastern and western/central Africa (separated by the rift valley). The latter are basal to all the other non-Euoticus galagids. The former group is sister to Galago and has been elevated to full genus status as Paragalago.[6] The genera Otolemur and Sciurocheirus are also sisters.[6]
Garnett's galago (Otolemur garnettii)
Senegal bushbabies (Galago senegalensis)
Family Galagidae - galagos, or bushbabies
Genus Euoticus, needle-clawed bushbabies[4]
Southern needle-clawed bushbaby, E. elegantulus
Northern needle-clawed bushbaby, E. pallidus
Genus Galago, lesser galagos, or lesser bushbabies
Galago senegalensis group
Somali bushbaby, G. gallarum
Mohol bushbaby, G. moholi
Senegal bushbaby, G. senegalensis
Galago matschiei group
Dusky bushbaby, G. matschiei
Genus Galagoides, western dwarf galagos[6]
Prince Demidoff's bushbaby, Gs. demidovii
Angolan dwarf galago, Gs. kumbirensis
Thomas's bushbaby, Gs. thomasi
Genus †Laetolia
†Laetolia sadimanensis[7]
Genus Otolemur, greater galagos, or thick-tailed bushbabies
Brown greater galago, O. crassicaudatus
Northern greater galago, O. garnettii
Silvery greater galago, O. monteiri
Genus Paragalago, eastern dwarf galagos[6]
Paragalago zanzibaricus group
Kenya coast galago, P. cocos
Grant's bushbaby, P. granti
Zanzibar bushbaby, P. zanzibaricus
Paragalago orinus group
Uluguru bushbaby, P. orinus
Rondo bushbaby, P. rondoensis
Genus Sciurocheirus, squirrel galagos
Bioko Allen's bushbaby, S. alleni
Cross River bushbaby, S. cameronensis
Gabon bushbaby, S. gabonensis
Makandé squirrel galago, S. makandensis
The phylogeny of Galagidae according to Masters et al., 2017 is as follows:[6]
Galagidae
Euoticus
Galagoides
Galago
Paragalago
Otolemur
Sciurocheirus
Characteristics
Galagos have large eyes that give them good night vision in addition to other characteristics, like strong hind limbs, acute hearing, and long tails that help them balance. Their ears are bat-like and allow them to track insects in the dark. They catch insects on the ground or snatch them out of the air. They are fast, agile creatures. As they bound through the thick bushes, they fold their delicate ears back to protect them. They also fold them during rest.[3] They have nails on most of their digits, except for the second toe of the hind foot, which bears a grooming claw. Their diet is a mixture of insects and other small animals, fruit, and tree gums.[8] They have pectinate (comb-like) incisors called toothcombs, and the dental formula: 2.1.3.32.1.3.3 They are active at night.
After a gestation period of 110–133 days, young galagos are born with half-closed eyes and are initially unable to move about independently. After a few (6–8) days, the mother carries the infant in her mouth, and places it on branches while feeding. Females may have singles, twins, or triplets, and may become very aggressive. Each newborn weighs less than one-half ounce (14 g). For the first three days, the infant is kept in constant contact with the mother. The young are fed by the mother for six weeks and can feed themselves at two months. The young grow rapidly, often causing the mother to walk awkwardly as she transports them.[3]
Females maintain a territory shared with their offspring, while males leave their mothers' territories after puberty. Thus social groups consist of closely related females and their young. Adult males maintain separate territories, which overlap with those of the female social groups; generally, one adult male mates with all the females in an area. Males that have not established such territories sometimes form small bachelor groups.[8]
Bush-babies are sometimes kept as pets, although this is not advised because, like many other nonhuman primates, they are a likely sources of diseases that can cross species barriers. Equally, they are very likely to attract attention from customs officials on importation into many countries. Reports from veterinary and zoological sources indicate captive lifetimes of 12.0 to 16.5 years, suggesting a natural lifetime over a decade.[9]
Galagos communicate by calling to each other and by marking their paths with urine. By following the scent of urine, they can land on exactly the same branch every time.[3] Each species produces a unique set of loud calls that have different functions. One function is to identify individuals as members of a particular species across distances. Scientists can recognize all known galago species by their 'loud calls'.[10] At the end of the night, group members use a special rallying call and gather to sleep in a nest of leaves, a group of branches, or a hole in a tree.
Jumping
Galagos have remarkable jumping abilities. The highest reliably reported jump for a galago is 2.25 m (7 ft 5 in).[11] According to a study published by the Royal Society, given the body mass of each animal and the fact that the leg muscles amount to about 25% of this, galago's jumping muscles should perform six to nine times better than those of a frog.[12] This is thought to be due to elastic energy storage in tendons of the lower leg, allowing far greater jumps than would otherwise be possible for an animal of their size.[12] In mid-flight, they tuck their arms and legs close to the body; they bring them out at the last second to grab a branch. In a series of leaps, a galago can cover ten yards in mere seconds. The tail, which is longer than the length of the head and body combined, assists the legs in powering the jumps. They may also hop like a kangaroo or simply run or walk on four legs.[3] Such strong, complicated, and coordinated movements are due to the rostral half of the posterior parietal cortex that is linked to the motor, premotor, and visuomotor areas of the frontal cortex.[13][14]
Behaviour
Generally, the social structure of the galago has components of both social life and solitary life. This can be seen in their play. They swing off branches or climb high and throw things. Social play includes play fights, play grooming, and following-play. During following-play, two galagos jump sporadically and chase each other through the trees. The older galagos in a group prefer to rest alone, while younger ones are in constant contact with one another.[15] This is observed in the Galago garnetti species. Mothers often leave infants alone for long periods and do not try to stop them from leaving. On the other hand, the offspring tries to stay close to, and initiate social interactions with the mother.[16]
Grooming is a very important part of galago daily life. They often groom themselves before, during, and after rest. Social grooming is done more often by males in the group. Females often reject attempts by males to groom them.[15]
Relationship with humans
The bush baby also refers to a myth that is used to scare children to stay indoors at night.[17] Most likely arising from the baby-like cry,[18] the unusual nature evolved into a myth about a powerful animal that can kidnap humans. It is also said that wild bush babies/galagos in Nigeria can never be found dead on plain ground. Rather, they make a nest of sticks, leaves or branches to die in. Endangerment of the species in sub-Saharan Africa has made this claim difficult to verify.
References
Groves, C. P. (2005). "Family Galagidae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 123–127. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
"Bush babies". National Geographic. 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
"African Wildlife Foundation: Bush Baby". Awf.org. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
Pozzi, Luca; Disotell, Todd R.; Masters, Judith C. (2 April 2014). "A multilocus phylogeny reveals deep lineages within African galagids (Primates: Galagidae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 72. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14...72P. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-72. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4021292. PMID 24694188.
Perelman, Polina; Johnson, Warren E.; Roos, Christian; Seuánez, Hector N.; Horvath, Julie E.; Moreira, Miguel A. M.; Kessing, Bailey; Pontius, Joan; Roelke, Melody; Rumpler, Yves; Schneider, Maria Paula C. (17 March 2011). "A Molecular Phylogeny of Living Primates". PLOS Genetics. 7 (3): e1001342. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 3060065. PMID 21436896.
Masters, J.C.; Génin, F.; Couette, S.; Groves, C.P.; Nash, S.D.; Delpero, M.; Pozzi, L. (2017). "A new genus for the eastern dwarf galagos (Primates: Galagidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 229–241. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlw028. hdl:2318/1618044.
Harrison, Terry, ed. (2011). Paleontology and Geology of Laetoli: Human evolution in Context. Volume 2: Fossil Hominins and the Associated Fauna. Springer. p. 75.
Charles-Dominique, Pierre (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 332–337. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
"The Life Spans of Nonhuman Primates". Primate Information Network.
Bearder, Simon K.; Butynski, Thomas M.; de Yong, Yvonne A. (2013). "Vocal Profiles for the Galagos: A Tool for Identification". Primate Conservation. 27: 75. doi:10.1896/052.027.0102. S2CID 85113522.
Hall-Crags, E. C. B. (1965). "An analysis of the jump of the Lesser Galago (Galago senegalensis)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 147 (1): 20–29. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb01874.x. ISSN 0370-2774.
Aerts, Peter (29 October 1998). "Vertical jumping in Galago senegalensis: the quest for an obligate mechanical power amplifier". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 353 (1375): 1607–1620. doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0313. PMC 1692381.
Stepniewska, Iwona; Fang, Pei-Chun; Kaas, Jon H. (2005). "Microstimulation reveals specialized subregions for different complex movements in posterior parietal cortex of prosimian galagos". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (13): 4878–4883. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.4878S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501048102. PMC 555725. PMID 15772167.
Wang, Qimeng; Liao, Chia-Chi; Stepniewska, Iwona; Gabi, Mariana; Kaas, Jon (2021). "Cortical connections of the functional domain for climbing or running in posterior parietal cortex of galagos". J Comp Neurol. 529 (10): 2789–2812. doi:10.1002/cne.25123. PMC 9885969. PMID 33550608.
Witt, Cornelia (September 1982). "Preliminary observations on the social behaviour of the greater galago, Galago agisymbanus Coquerel, 1859, in captivity". Anthropologischer Anzeiger: 193–203. JSTOR 29539363.
Ehrlich, Annette; MacBride, Lynn (1990). "Mother-Infant Interactions in Captive Thick-Tailed Galagos (Galago garnetti)". Journal of Mammalogy. 71 (2): 198–204. doi:10.2307/1382168. JSTOR 1382168.
Onyeakagbu, Adaobi (19 July 2018). "Horrifying myths and legends from across the continent". Pulse. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
"Scary Nigerian Urban Legends- Bush Baby". The Stoic by Edwin Madu. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
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