Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Cladus: Ferungulata
Cladus: Ferae
Cladus: Pancarnivora
Cladus: Carnivoramorpha
Cladus: Carnivoraformes
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Feliformia
Familia: Eupleridae
Subfamilia: Euplerinae
Genus: Fossa
Species: Fossa fossana
Name
Fossa fossana (Müller, 1776)
References
Fossa fossana in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Fanaloka
English: Malagasy civet
español: Civeta de Madagascar
français: Fossane
日本語: マダガスカルジャコウネコ
polski: Fanaloka madagaskarska
The Malagasy or striped civet (Fossa fossana), also known as the fanaloka (Malagasy, [fə̥ˈnaluk]) or jabady,[5] is an euplerid endemic to Madagascar.[6] It is the only species in genus Fossa.
The Malagasy civet is a small mammal, about 47 centimetres (19 in) long excluding the tail (which is only about 20 centimetres (7.9 in)). It can weigh 1.5 to 2.0 kilograms (3.3 to 4.4 lb). It is endemic to the tropical forests of Madagascar. Malagasy civets are nocturnal. It eats small vertebrates, insects, aquatic animals, and eggs stolen from birds' nests. The mating season of the Malagasy civet is August to September and the gestation period is three months, ending with the birth of one young. The Malagasy civet is listed as Vulnerable by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[1]
The Malagasy name fanaloka is related to the Malay word pelanduk "mousedeer" (via metathesis) likely due to their similar sizes and silhouette.[7]
Classification
The Malagasy civet was to be placed in the subfamily Hemigalinae with the banded palm civets and then in its own subfamily, Fossinae, because of similarities with others in the group pointed out by Gregory, but it is now classified as a member of the subfamily Euplerinae, after Pocock pointed out more similarities with that one.[8]
Description
The Malagasy civet is a small mammal, about 47 centimetres (19 in) long excluding the tail (which is only about 20 centimetres (7.9 in)). The males can weigh up to 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb), and the females can weigh up to 1.75 kilograms (3.9 lb). It is the second largest carnivore in Madagascar after the fossa.[9][10] it may be confused with the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica).[11] It has a short coat greyish beige or brown in colour, with dark black horizontal stripes running from head to tail, where the stripes are vertical, wrapping around the bushier tail. The stripes morph into spots near the belly. Its legs are short and very thin.[11]
Behavior
The Malagasy civet is nocturnal, though sources disagree over whether it is solitary or, unusual among euplerids, lives in pairs. It is not a good climber and frequents ravines. It eats small vertebrates (mammals, small birds, reptiles, and amphibians), insects, aquatic animals, and eggs stolen from birds' nests.[12][13] It is shy and secretive.[14] Their vocalizations are similar to crying and groaning, as well as a sound similar to coq-coq. Pairs of males and females defend a large area (around 50 hectares (120 acres)) as their territory.[15] In the winter, it may store fat in its tail, which can make up 25% of their weight.[9][16] The mating season of the Malagasy civet is August to September and the gestation period is around three months, ending with the birth of one young. The young are rather well-developed, weigh around 65 to 70 grams (2.3 to 2.5 oz), and are weaned in two to three months, leaving their parents at around one year old. The average lifespan of a Malagasy civet is about 21 years in captivity.[1][17][18]
Distribution and habitat
The Malagasy civet is found in lowland and rainforest areas of Eastern and Northern areas of Madagascar, and can also be found in humid and isolated forests in Amber Mountain National Park, and farther north in the less-humid forests of Ankarana Reserve. It can be found from sea level to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level, but is only common up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level.[1][11]
Conservation status
The Malagasy civet is listed as Vulnerable by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), with a decreasing population. Though threatened by deforestation, hunting, charcoal production, logging, and competition from introduced species such as dogs, cats, and small Indian civets, it is locally common. Introduced animals such as dogs are likely to prey on Malagasy civets.[1] Its range is now reduced to isolated patches.[18]
References
Hawkins, F. (2015). "Fossa fossana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T8668A45197868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8668A45197868.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
"Fossa fossana". ITIS. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Hawkins, A. F .A. (2008). "Fossa fossana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Nick Garbutt; Hilary Bradt; Derek Schuurman (2008). Madagascar Wildlife. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84162-245-3.
Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Blench, Roger M.; Walsh, Martin (2009). Faunal names in Malagasy: their etymologies and implications for the prehistory of the East African coast (PDF). Eleventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (11 ICAL). Aussois, France. pp. 1–31.
Anjali Goswami; Anthony Friscia (29 July 2010). Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-1-139-48853-2.
"Fossa fossana". animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Steven Roger Fischer (15 February 2013). Islands: From Atlantis to Zanzibar. Reaktion Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-78023-053-5.
Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. Yale University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
Richard T. Corlett; Richard B. Primack (3 March 2011). Tropical Rain Forests: An Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison. John Wiley & Sons. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4443-9228-9.
"Fossa fossana (Malagasy civet)". Animal Diversity Web.
Hilary Bradt; Daniel Austin (1 July 2014). Madagascar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84162-498-3.
Daniel Austin (10 November 2014). Madagascar Wildlife. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-84162-557-7.
Animals: A Visual Encyclopedia (Second Edition): A Visual Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. 19 March 2012. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7566-9896-6.
"Fossa fossana". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Ronald M. Nowak (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. JHU Press. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2.
Sources
Macdonald, David (ed). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. (New York, 1984)
Anderson, Simon (ed). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. (Milan, 1982)The Malagasy or striped civet (Fossa fossana), also known as the fanaloka (Malagasy, [fə̥ˈnaluk]) or jabady,[5] is an euplerid endemic to Madagascar.[6] It is the only species in genus Fossa.
The Malagasy civet is a small mammal, about 47 centimetres (19 in) long excluding the tail (which is only about 20 centimetres (7.9 in)). It can weigh 1.5 to 2.0 kilograms (3.3 to 4.4 lb). It is endemic to the tropical forests of Madagascar. Malagasy civets are nocturnal. It eats small vertebrates, insects, aquatic animals, and eggs stolen from birds' nests. The mating season of the Malagasy civet is August to September and the gestation period is three months, ending with the birth of one young. The Malagasy civet is listed as Vulnerable by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).[1]
The Malagasy name fanaloka is related to the Malay word pelanduk "mousedeer" (via metathesis) likely due to their similar sizes and silhouette.[7]
Classification
The Malagasy civet was to be placed in the subfamily Hemigalinae with the banded palm civets and then in its own subfamily, Fossinae, because of similarities with others in the group pointed out by Gregory, but it is now classified as a member of the subfamily Euplerinae, after Pocock pointed out more similarities with that one.[8]
Description
The Malagasy civet is a small mammal, about 47 centimetres (19 in) long excluding the tail (which is only about 20 centimetres (7.9 in)). The males can weigh up to 1.9 kilograms (4.2 lb), and the females can weigh up to 1.75 kilograms (3.9 lb). It is the second largest carnivore in Madagascar after the fossa.[9][10] it may be confused with the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica).[11] It has a short coat greyish beige or brown in colour, with dark black horizontal stripes running from head to tail, where the stripes are vertical, wrapping around the bushier tail. The stripes morph into spots near the belly. Its legs are short and very thin.[11]
Behavior
The Malagasy civet is nocturnal, though sources disagree over whether it is solitary or, unusual among euplerids, lives in pairs. It is not a good climber and frequents ravines. It eats small vertebrates (mammals, small birds, reptiles, and amphibians), insects, aquatic animals, and eggs stolen from birds' nests.[12][13] It is shy and secretive.[14] Their vocalizations are similar to crying and groaning, as well as a sound similar to coq-coq. Pairs of males and females defend a large area (around 50 hectares (120 acres)) as their territory.[15] In the winter, it may store fat in its tail, which can make up 25% of their weight.[9][16] The mating season of the Malagasy civet is August to September and the gestation period is around three months, ending with the birth of one young. The young are rather well-developed, weigh around 65 to 70 grams (2.3 to 2.5 oz), and are weaned in two to three months, leaving their parents at around one year old. The average lifespan of a Malagasy civet is about 21 years in captivity.[1][17][18]
Distribution and habitat
The Malagasy civet is found in lowland and rainforest areas of Eastern and Northern areas of Madagascar, and can also be found in humid and isolated forests in Amber Mountain National Park, and farther north in the less-humid forests of Ankarana Reserve. It can be found from sea level to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above sea level, but is only common up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above sea level.[1][11]
Conservation status
The Malagasy civet is listed as Vulnerable by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), with a decreasing population. Though threatened by deforestation, hunting, charcoal production, logging, and competition from introduced species such as dogs, cats, and small Indian civets, it is locally common. Introduced animals such as dogs are likely to prey on Malagasy civets.[1] Its range is now reduced to isolated patches.[18]
References
Hawkins, F. (2015). "Fossa fossana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T8668A45197868. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T8668A45197868.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
"Fossa fossana". ITIS. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Hawkins, A. F .A. (2008). "Fossa fossana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
Nick Garbutt; Hilary Bradt; Derek Schuurman (2008). Madagascar Wildlife. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 78. ISBN 978-1-84162-245-3.
Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 560. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Blench, Roger M.; Walsh, Martin (2009). Faunal names in Malagasy: their etymologies and implications for the prehistory of the East African coast (PDF). Eleventh International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (11 ICAL). Aussois, France. pp. 1–31.
Anjali Goswami; Anthony Friscia (29 July 2010). Carnivoran Evolution: New Views on Phylogeny, Form and Function. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-1-139-48853-2.
"Fossa fossana". animaldiversity.org. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Steven Roger Fischer (15 February 2013). Islands: From Atlantis to Zanzibar. Reaktion Books. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-78023-053-5.
Nick Garbutt (2007). Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. Yale University Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
Richard T. Corlett; Richard B. Primack (3 March 2011). Tropical Rain Forests: An Ecological and Biogeographical Comparison. John Wiley & Sons. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4443-9228-9.
"Fossa fossana (Malagasy civet)". Animal Diversity Web.
Hilary Bradt; Daniel Austin (1 July 2014). Madagascar. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-84162-498-3.
Daniel Austin (10 November 2014). Madagascar Wildlife. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-84162-557-7.
Animals: A Visual Encyclopedia (Second Edition): A Visual Encyclopedia. DK Publishing. 19 March 2012. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7566-9896-6.
"Fossa fossana". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Ronald M. Nowak (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. JHU Press. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-8018-8032-2.
Sources
Macdonald, David (ed). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. (New York, 1984)
Anderson, Simon (ed). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. (Milan, 1982)
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