Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Scrotifera
Ordo: Chiroptera
Subordo: Yinpterochiroptera
Familia: Pteropodidae
Subfamilia: Rousettinae
Tribus: Epomophorini
Genus: Epomophorus
Species: Epomophorus pusillus
Name
Epomophorus pusillus Peters, 1867
Type locality: Nigeria, Yoruba.
References
Peters. 1867 Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1867: 870.
Distribution
Senegal and Gambia east to Ethiopia and Sudan
South to Angola, Zambia, Burundi, and Tanzania
Vernacular names
English: Peters's Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat
Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat (Micropteropus pusillus) is a species of megabat in the family Pteropodidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and moist savanna.
Description
Peters's dwarf epauletted fruit bat is one of the two species contained within the genus Micropteropus. In contrast to the other species in this genus, Micropteropus intermedius, both sexes contain white tuffs at the proximal end of their ears.[2] However, when adults are compared side by side, M. pusillus can be identified as the smaller of the two. M. pusillus display variance between their dorsal and ventral pelage. Fur is often described as thicker and a darker shade of brown on the dorsal surface, but the variance in color can be attributed to a lower concentration of fur along the ventral surface [3]
Secondary sexual dimorphic traits allow for sex determination without analysis of the sex organs. In males, the ornamentation at the base of the ear has the capability to erect itself with the assistance from the arrector pili muscle.[4] On average females are slightly larger than males by approximately of ten percent when comparing body mass. This variation is also present in the many body proportions including wingspan, head length, ear length, and many other anatomical variations. Despite the larger size observed in the females, M. pusillus is still one of the smaller mammals in the Megachiroptera suborder.[5]
Ecology
Environmental
The geographic range of M. pusillus is limited to Africa and has only been observed in all regions of Africa except northern Africa.[6] M. pusillus is a nonmigratory bat as expected by its low aspect ratio wings. As would be anticipated by these wing dimensions, M. pusillus inhabits tropical forests in this region along with woodlands. Life in this tropical region permits M. pusillus to avoid hibernation and forage year-round.[7] This year round foraging is ecologically advantageous for the tropical forests M. pusillus inhabits. Year round activity allows for the plants to be pollinated during all seasons of the year.
Diet
M. pusillus feeds on nectar as well as fruits and insects. The consumption of nectar requires the bat to come into direct contact with the pollen produced by the plants, allowing for pollination of the plants in its tropical environment and a mutual relationship between the plants and the bats.[8] Its pollination is viewed as a positive ecological advantage, but the frugivorous diet has had negative agricultural impact on farms in the surrounding areas of their inhabitance.[9] Like nearly all the other bats within the suborder Megachiroptera, M. pusillus does not rely on echolocation to hunt down insects. it was originally hypothesized that M. pusillus primarily fed on nectar and fruits, but there is now images of M. pusillus feeding on moths.[10]
Physiology
Reproduction
M. pusillus females are sexually receptive year round, however, mating and lactation have been most frequently been observed during the periods when fruit is most accessible. This is during the two rainy seasons during the year. The rainy season during the spring is from March to May and in the fall from September to November.[11][12] The selection of this time frame for gestation and lactation allows the female the best opportunity for satisfying her nutritional needs during a time of increased metabolic rate. Morphological differences in the males allow them to emit high pitched sounds to attract a mate.[13]
Viruses
Bats are transporters of many viruses that do not affect them due to their unusually high immune system efficiency. M. pusillus have been known to carry antibodies specific to Ebola.[14] Mitochondrial analysis was conducted on multiple fruit bats following the Ebola viruses outbreak in 2014 and one of the bat species testing positive for the virus was M. pusillus.[15] With M. pusillus being highly frugivorous, human contact in greatly increased in agricultural regions of Africa, increasing the risk for virus transmission.
References
Bakwo Fils, E.M.; Kaleme, P. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Micropteropus pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13402A166518027. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13402A166518027.en. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
Owen-Ashley, Noah. "Micropteropus pusillus". American Society of Mammalogists, 1998, p.1.
Nowak. "Walker's Mammals of the World". The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999
Nowak. "Walker's Mammals of the World". The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999
Owen-Ashley, Noah. "Micropteropus pusillus". American Society of Mammalogists, 1998, p.1.
Patterson, Bruce D.; Webala, Paul W. (29 November 2012). "Keys to the Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of East Africa". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 6: 1–60. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-12.6.1. S2CID 128835631.
Henry, Mickael; Barrière, Patrick; Gautier-Hion, Annie; Colyn, Marc (5 January 2004). "Species composition, abundance and vertical stratification of a bat community (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) in a West African rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1017/s0266467404006145. S2CID 84418997.
Owen-Ashley, Noah. "Micropteropus pusillus". American Society of Mammalogists, 1998, p.1.
Owen-Ashley, Noah. "Micropteropus pusillus". American Society of Mammalogists, 1998, p.1.
Courts, S. E. (December 1998). "Dietary strategies of Old World Fruit Bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae): how do they obtain sufficient protein?". Mammal Review. 28 (4): 185–194. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2907.1998.00033.x.
Owen-Ashley, Noah. "Micropteropus pusillus". American Society of Mammalogists, 1998, p.1.
Patterson, Bruce D.; Webala, Paul W. (29 November 2012). "Keys to the Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of East Africa". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 6: 1–60. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-12.6.1. S2CID 128835631.
Owen-Ashley, Noah. "Micropteropus pusillus". American Society of Mammalogists, 1998, p.1.
Pourrut, Xavier. "Large serological survey showing cocirculation of Ebola and Marburg viruses in Gabonese bat populations, and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in Rousettus aegyptiacus". BMC Infectious Diseases, 2009, p. 1-8.
Hassanin, Alexandre. "Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016". R. Biologies, 2016 p.1-11.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
