Choloepus didactylus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Superordo: Xenarthra
Ordo: Pilosa
Subordo: Folivora
Familia: Megalonychidae
Genus: Choloepus
Species: Choloepus didactylus
Name
Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Type locality: "Zeylona", corrected to Surinam (Thomas, 1911)
Synonymy
Bradypus didactylus (protonym)
References
Primary references
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 35 BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Choloepus didactylus in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
català: Peresós didàctil comú
Deutsch: Eigentliches Zweifingerfaultier
English: Linnaeus's Two-toed Sloth
español: Perezoso de dos dedos de Linnaeus
magyar: Kétujjú lajhár, unau
日本語: フタユビナマケモノ
Nederlands: Tweevingerige luiaard
polski: Leniwiec dwupalczasty
português: Preguiça-de-dois-dedos
svenska: Linnés tvåtåiga sengångare
Choloepus didactylus, Photo: Michael Lahanas
Linnaeus's two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), also known as the southern two-toed sloth, unau, or Linne's two-toed sloth is a species of sloth from South America, found in Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil north of the Amazon River. There is now evidence suggesting the species' range expands into Bolivia.[4] It's the largest extant sloth species.[5]
Description
Males and females are the same size, growing to lengths of approximately 53 to 89 cm (21 to 35 in), not including the length of the tail, and weigh approximately 4 to 11 kg (9 to 24 lb).[5] Their fur color ranges from a brownish yellow to a pale tone of brown, however, in the wild their fur sometimes has a green hue from algae that grows on their fur during the rainy season.[5] Their belly fur is slightly lighter in color than the body and they have no undercoat.[5] The belly hair is parted along the midline and flows towards the animals back (spine), the opposite direction that fur flows on most other mammals.[5] Young sloths tend to have softer and darker fur than adults.[5]
Phylogeny
Sloths belong to the order Pilosa, which also includes anteaters. They belong to the super order Xenarthra, which includes the Cingulata. Xenarthra are edentate or toothless. They lack incisors and have a large reduction in number of teeth with only four to five sets remaining including canines.[6]
Modern sloths are divided into two families based on the number of toes on their front feet, Choloepodidae and Bradypodidae. Linnaeus's two-toed sloth and Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) belong to the family Choloepodidae, which included extinct ground sloths.[7]
Morphology
Choloepus didactylus are larger than three-toed sloths. They have longer hair, bigger eyes, and their back and front legs are more equal in length.[8] Their ears, hind feet and head are generally larger than Bradypodidae. They do however have a shorter tail.[9] Their shoulder height, the height from the shoulder blade to the tips of the claw is longer than three-toed sloths, indicating longer arms.[9]
The species has relatively few teeth; it has four to five sets including canines and lacks incisors. Molars are indistinguishable from premolars.[5] The teeth are rootless[5] and lack enamel, consisting only of two layers ever-growing dentin.[6] Supernumerary teeth have occasionally been observed, but this has been reported in almost all mammalian orders.[6]
Ecology
C. didactylus is a solitary, nocturnal and arboreal animal, found in rainforests. The two-toed sloth falls prey to wild cats such as the ocelot and jaguar as well as large birds of prey such as the harpy and crested eagles. Predation mainly occurs when the sloth descends to the ground in order to defecate or change trees.[7] Anacondas have also been known to hunt sloths.[7] It is able to swim, making it possible to cross rivers and creeks, but maybe also making it more available to a predator like an anaconda.
Two-toed sloths live in ever-wet tropical rainforests that are hot and humid. They tend to live in areas where there is a lot of vine growth so they can easily travel from tree to tree in the canopies of the forests.[7] They mainly eat leaves, but there is lacking data on the extent of their diet due to their nocturnal lifestyle and camouflage.[7]
C. didactylus, similar to other sloth species, have a low rate of metabolism, food intake, and defecation, despite their relatively large body mass and their high volumes of methane production. They retain their digested material for long periods of time, due to a combination of their low defecation rates and large digestive systems.[10] This long digestion period appears to cause the sloths’ high volumes of methane production, more than most other, similar herbivores.[10] These high methane levels may also be the result of high formate levels in their digested material.[11]
See also
Emmons, Louise H.; Feer, François (1997-09-02). Neotropical rainforest mammals. A field guide (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-226-20721-6. OCLC 44179508.
References
Gardner, A. L. (2005). "Order Pilosa". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Chiarello, A.; Plese, T. (2014). "Choloepus didactylus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T4777A47439542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T4777A47439542.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. p. 35. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Trinca, Cristiano Trapé; Palmeira, Francesca Belem Lopes; de Sousa e Silva Júnior, José (2006-05-01). "A Southern Extension of the Geographic Distribution of the Two-Toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus (Xenarthra, Megalonychidae)". Edentata. 7: 7–9. doi:10.1896/1413-4411.7.1.7. ISSN 1413-4411.
"Choloepus didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-09-19.
McAfee, Robert K.; Naples, Virginia L. (2012-01-01). "NOTICE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SUPERNUMERARY TEETH IN THE TWO-TOED SLOTHS Choloepus didactylus AND C. hoffmanni". Mastozoología Neotropical. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Adam, Peter J. (December 1999). "Mammalian Species Choloepus didactylus". American Society of Mammalogists.
Stewart, Melissa (November–December 2004). "At the Zoo: Slow and Steady Sloths". Zoogoer. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Richard-Hansen, C.; Vié, J.-C.; Vidal, N.; Kéravec, J. (1999-04-01). "Body measurements on 40 species of mammals from French Guiana". Journal of Zoology. 247 (4): 419–428. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01005.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
Vendl, C.; Frei, S.; Dittmann, M. T.; Furrer, S.; Osmann, C.; Ortmann, S.; Munn, A.; Kreuzer, M.; Clauss, M. (June 2016). "Digestive physiology, metabolism and methane production of captive Linné's two-toed sloths ( Choloepus didactylus )". Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 100 (3): 552–564. doi:10.1111/jpn.12356. PMID 26122705.
Dill-McFarland, Kimberly A.; Weimer, Paul J.; Pauli, Jonathan N.; Peery, M. Zachariah; Suen, Garret (May 2016). "Diet specialization selects for an unusual and simplified gut microbiota in two- and three-toed sloths: Gut microbiotas of two- and three-toed sloths". Environmental Microbiology. 18 (5): 1391–1402. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.13022. PMID 26271635.
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