Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Haplorhini
Infraordo: Simiiformes
Parvordo: Platyrrhini
Familia: Pitheciidae
Subfamilia: Pitheciinae
Genus: Chiropotes
Species: Chiropotes satanas
Name
Chiropotes satanas (Hoffmannsegg, 1807)
Synonyms
Cebus satanas (Original name)
Chiropotes ater
Chiropotes chiropotes
Chiropotes couxio
Chiropotes israelita
Chiropotes nigra
Chiropotes sagulata
Chiropotes utahicki
Vernacular names
English: Black-bearded Saki
português: Cuxiú-preto
The black bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas) is a species of New World monkey, native to the Amazon rainforest of South America, specifically to an area of north-eastern Brazil.[2] It is one of five species of bearded saki. Bearded sakis are medium-sized (50 cm), mostly frugivorous primates, specialised in seed predation.[3] The genus name Chiropotes means "hand-drinker" as they have been observed using their hands as ladles for scooping water into their mouths. This behavior is thought to be a way of maintaining and protecting their characteristic beards.[4] The black bearded saki's habitat has undergone heavy habitat fragmentation, making the future conservation status of the species uncertain.[5]
Distribution and habitat
Black bearded sakis are endemic to the far eastern Amazon in Brazil, in a range restricted to a relatively small region from the Tocantins River in Pará east to around the Grajaú River in Maranhão (similar to the range of the equally threatened Kaapori capuchin). The natural home range of bearded sakis can vary from 200 to 250 hectares.[6] It is the only Amazonian pitheciid found east of the Tocantins River.[7] Studies show that bearded sakis can adapt to a reduction in their habitat.
Anatomy and morphology
Black bearded sakis can be identified by their thick black hair, distinctive beard that shapes the face, and a bushy fox-like tail. The tail is non-prehensible and they use quadrupedal movement for locomotion.[8] Black bearded sakis have some yellowish-brown highlights around the back and shoulders and can weight from 2 kg to 4 kg[5]. Males are slightly larger than females and also have a bulging forehead. Formerly the red-backed, brown-backed and Uta Hick's bearded sakis, the other member of the genus Chiropotes, were classified as subspecies or taxonomically insignificant variations of the same species called the bearded saki, but based on pelage differences and molecular analysis it has been recommended to treat them as separate species.[9] The black bearded saki is the only dark-nosed species of bearded saki with a blackish back, though some females and juveniles have a paler, brownish back.[10] The teeth have evolved for seed predation: these dental adaptations allow then to crack and access seeds in extremely hard pods. They open hard-shelled fruits in a specialized, efficient process using their teeth.[6]
Behavior
Diet
Chiropotes skull showing teeth adaptation for hard seed predation.
Black bearded sakis are highly frugivorous, specialized in seed predation as 90% of their diet comes from fruits and seeds.[10] Black bearded sakis feed mostly on plants of the families Sapotaceae, Lecythidaceae, and Chrysobalanaceae, but they are known to feed on more than 100 species and are able to adapt their diets.[11] They complement their diets with fleshy fruits and small insects. Black bearded sakis use their strong canine teeth to crack open hard shells of fruits and nuts, enabling them to access the unripe seeds inside the fruits.[12]
Social behavior
They are social animals, commonly grooming and playing with one another, even with those of other primate species. Black bearded sakis can be found in troops of 20 to 30 individuals. Individuals of a troop will separate and rejoin throughout the day, have large home ranges, and travel long distances daily.[13]
Movement
Drawing of Black Bearded Saki displaying quadruple movement on tree branch.
Black bearded sakis spend most of their time resting, traveling and eating.[14] Black bearded sakis use mostly quadrupedal movement to move in the canopy of trees.[15] As infants the monkeys can be seen using their tail to grasp things, but lose the ability as they mature.
Reproduction
Bearded sakis have a gestation period of 5 months and produce one young at a time. They become sexually mature at 4 years old and have an expected lifespan of 18 years.[16] Black bearded sakis give birth to offspring every 2 years.[11]
Conservation
Satellite image showing anthropogenic impact on Araguaia River basin, between Pará e Tocantins
Black bearded sakis are a critically endangered species.[17] Just over the last few decades urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon has brought with it highways, agriculture, and dams, creating an influx of habitat fragmentation, habitat destruction and poaching pressure.[17] Habitat fragmentation is rising as secondary roads increase and people move into uninhabited areas of the Amazon rainforest. Along with an influx of people the amount of agriculture required to support the area increases, augmenting the pressure for deforestation.
Behavioral modifications due to forest fragmentation
Studies reveal that black bearded sakis can adapt to habitat up to 3% the size of their original range.[11] However, it is unclear whether this behavioral flexibility is sufficient for the long-term viability of this species in fragmented habitats.[18] Forest fragmentation has resulted in behavioral changes that allow the species to adapt but could be detrimental for its conservation status in the long run.[14] Black bearded saki groups will not leave isolated patches of fragmented forest unless the bridge of secondary forest grows.[14] Groups in smaller patches of forest will tend to move and vocalize less while resting more.[14] Population density will increase as habitat size decreases, causing a positive tendency in disease among the black bearded saki population living in small patches.[14] This species also face a hunting problem for bushmeat and their tails used as dusters.
Bearded sakis living in small forest fragments are limited in their dietary choices because of the reduced number of plant species present, and therefore consume species that those individuals inhabiting continuous forests would ignore. Shifts in feeding patterns occur where fragmentation has been accompanied by selective logging of species used by black bearded sakis as food.[19] The ability to have a flexible diet and include seeds and unripe fruit helps this species survive in smaller forest fragments, but it appears that these conditions are unviable unless connectivity increases among the forest fragments and continuous forest in the landscape.[18] The future survival of the black bearded saki will depend on adequate meta-population and habitat management.[19] Habitat conservation is of top priority as this species has a particularly small range. The black bearded saki is considered the most endangered primate in the Amazon and is already locally extinct in a large portion of its original range.[16]
Future survival
Studies performed at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project study area have recorded the changes in behavior caused in black bearded sakis by habitat fragmentation. Groups of black bearded saki living in 10 hectare fragments of isolated rainforest showed a lack of reproduction in a period of 3.5 years.[14] This might be due to a lack of resources in these small isolated fragments of habitat. Smaller fragments of forest also result in higher population densities. The increased density of bearded saki monkeys in the small fragments may affect their health. Higher density groups living in forest fragments are more prone to parasites and disease than those others living in undisturbed areas.[14] It is unknown if the species will be able to reproduce and achieve healthy populations in the smaller patches of fragmented forest they are forced to inhabit.
References
Port-Carvalho, M.; Muniz, C.C.; Fialho, M.S.; Alonso, A.C.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Veiga, L.M. (2021). "Chiropotes satanas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T39956A191704509. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39956A191704509.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Species Chiropotes satanas". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Kinzey, Warren G.; Norconk, Marilyn A. (April 1993). "Physical and chemical properties of fruit and seeds eaten byPithecia andChiropotes in Surinam and Venezuela". International Journal of Primatology. 14 (2): 207–227. doi:10.1007/BF02192632. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 21359801.
"Bearded saki videos, photos and facts - Chiropotes satanas | Arkive". 2018-04-30. Archived from the original on 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
Boyle, Sarah Ann; Smith, Andrew T. (January 2010). "Behavioral modifications in northern bearded saki monkeys (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) in forest fragments of central Amazonia". Primates. 51 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0169-7. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 19756917. S2CID 22574708.
Van Roosmalen, Marc G. M.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Fleagle, John G. (1988). "Diet of the northern bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes): A neotropical seed predator". American Journal of Primatology. 14 (1): 11–35. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350140103. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 32093436. S2CID 86830690.
Ferrari, Stephen F.; Lopes, M. Aparecida (1996), Norconk, Marilyn A.; Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Garber, Paul A. (eds.), "Primate Populations in Eastern Amazonia", Adaptive Radiations of Neotropical Primates, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 53–67, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8770-9_3, ISBN 978-1-4613-4686-9, retrieved 2022-04-15
"Bearded saki". Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
Veiga, L.M (2008-06-30). "Bearded Saki Chiropotes chiropotes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ, Brazil; Faria, Lucas; Nascimento, Rosemery; UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ, Brazil (2019-12-01). "O FULGURITO DE SÃO GERALDO DO ARAGUAIA (ESTADO DO PARÁ)". Boletim do Museu de Geociências da Amazônia. 6 (2019) (3): 1–16. doi:10.31419/ISSN.2594-942X.v62019i3a5LTF. S2CID 214287751.
Boyle, Sarah A.; Smith, Andrew T.; Spironello, Wilson R.; Zartman, Charles E. (2013). Behavioral ecology of northern bearded sakis (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) living in forest fragments of Central Brazilian Amazonia. Cambridge University Press. hdl:10088/29979. ISBN 978-1-107-35468-5.
Ayres, J. M. (1989-11-01). "Comparative feeding ecology of the Uakari and Bearded Saki, Cacajao and Chiropotes". Journal of Human Evolution. 18 (7): 697–716. Bibcode:1989JHumE..18..697A. doi:10.1016/0047-2484(89)90101-2. ISSN 0047-2484.
Norconk, Marilyn A.; Veres, Michael (December 2011). "Physical Properties of Fruit and Seeds Ingested by Primate Seed Predators with Emphasis on Sakis and Bearded Sakis". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 294 (12): 2092–2111. doi:10.1002/ar.21506. PMID 22042738. S2CID 17175046.
Boyle, Sarah Ann; Smith, Andrew T. (2009-09-12). "Behavioral modifications in northern bearded saki monkeys (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes) in forest fragments of central Amazonia". Primates. 51 (1): 43–51. doi:10.1007/s10329-009-0169-7. ISSN 1610-7365. PMID 19756917. S2CID 22574708.
"Bearded saki". Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
"Bearded saki videos, photos and facts - Chiropotes satanas | Arkive". 2018-04-30. Archived from the original on 2018-04-30. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
IUCN (2020-03-04). "Chiropotes satanas: Port-Carvalho, M., Muniz, C.C., Fialho, M.S., Alonso, A.C., Jerusalinsky, L. & Veiga, L.M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T39956A191704509". doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-1.rlts.t39956a191704509.en. S2CID 240819465. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Boyle, Sarah A.; Zartman, Charles E.; Spironello, Wilson R.; Smith, Andrew T. (2012-09-14). "Implications of habitat fragmentation on the diet of bearded saki monkeys in central Amazonian forest". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (4): 959–976. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-286.1. ISSN 0022-2372. S2CID 84809369.
Ferrari, Stephen F. "OCCURRENCE AND DIET OF THE BLACK BEARDED SAKI (CHIROPOTES SATANAS SATANAS) IN THE FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPE OF WESTERN MARANHÃO, BRAZIL" (PDF). Neotropical Primates. 12 (1): 17–21 – via Academia.edu.[permanent dead link]
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