Abderites

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Euungulata
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Cladus: Artiofabula
Cladus: Cetruminantia
Subordo: Ruminantia

Familia: Bovidae
Subfamilia: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Subgenus: Bos (Bos)
Species: Bos taurus
Subspecies: Bos taurus indicus
Name

Bos taurus indicus Linnaeus, 1758.
Synonyms

Bos indicus (original combination)
Bos primigenius indicus

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 72. Reference page.
Bos taurus indicus in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Bos taurus indicus – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Bos indicus Invalid – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Bos indicus in ASM Mammal Diversity Database. [in error]

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Seboe
azərbaycanca: Zebu
беларуская: Зебу
български: Зебу
brezhoneg: Zebu
català: Zebú
čeština: Zebu
dansk: Zebu
Deutsch: Zebu
Ελληνικά: Ζεμπού
English: Zebu
Esperanto: Zebuo
español: Cebú
eesti: Seebu
euskara: Zebu
suomi: Seebu
français: Zébu
Frysk: Sebû
עברית: זבו
magyar: Zebu
Bahasa Indonesia: Zebu
Ido: Zebuo
italiano: Zebù
日本語: コブウシ
ქართული: ზებუ
қазақша: Зебу
Malagasy: Omby
Bahasa Melayu: Sapi
Nāhuatl: Tepotzohcuacuahueh
Nederlands: Zeboe
norsk nynorsk: Sebu
norsk: Zebu
polski: Zebu
português: Zebu
русский: Зебу
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Zebu
தமிழ்: காங்கேயம் காளை
Tiếng Việt: Bò Zebu
walon: Zebu
中文: 瘤牛

The zebu (/ˈziːb(j)uː, ˈzeɪbuː/; Bos indicus or Bos taurus indicus), sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in the Indian sub-continent.[2] Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type of domestic cattle. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure. Some small breeds such as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets. In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu.[3]

In some regions, such as parts of India, zebu are among the cattle that have significant religious meaning.
Taxonomy and name

The scientific name Bos indicus was introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for humped cattle in China.[1] The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999,[4][5] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by Peter Grubb in 2005.[6] In 2011, Colin Groves and Peter Grubb classified it as a distinct species again.[7] The American Society of Mammalogists also considers it to be a species.[8]
Origin
A Pillar of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu
Zebu pictured on a coin of the Indo-Scythian king Azes II, late first century BC

Zebu cattle are thought to be derived from the Indian aurochs Bos primigenius namadicus, a subspecies of the aurochs.[9] Wild Asian aurochs disappeared during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation from its range in the Indus River basin and other parts of the South Asian region possibly due to interbreeding with domestic zebu and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.[10] Bos primigenius namadicus was likely extinct long before 1300 AD and no remains younger than 1800 BC were ever found.[11][12][13]

Believed to be first bred in northwestern South Asia, between 7000 and 6000 BCE, indicine cattle is understood to have been dispersed throughout northwestern South Asia by 4000 BCE, and spread across much of South Asia by 2000 BCE.[14]

Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that it was present in Egypt around 2000 BC and thought to be imported from the Near East or south. It is thought to have first appeared in sub-Saharan Africa after 700 AD and was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000.[15]

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.[16]
Breeds and hybrids
Hariana breed of zebu cattle in north India

Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African breeds and Indian ones. The major zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr, Kankrej and Guzerat, Indo-Brazilian, Brahman, Sibi Bhagnari, White Nukra, Acchai,[17] Cholistani, Dhanni, Lohani, Nelore, Ongole, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Butana and Kenana, Baggara, Tharparkar, Kangayam, Southern Yellow, Kedah-Kelantan and Local Indian Dairy (LID). Kedah-Kelantan and LID originated from Malaysia. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana of Haryana and eastern Punjab[18] or the Rath of Alwar district in eastern Rajasthan.[19]

Zebu, which can tolerate extreme heat,[20] were imported into Brazil in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil, where feral cattle had grazed freely on extensive pasturage, and bred without animal husbandry. Zebu were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues.[21]

From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh.

The African sanga cattle breeds originated from hybridization of zebu with indigenous African humpless cattle; they include the Afrikaner, Red Fulani cattle, Ankole-Watusi, Boran cattle and many other breeds of central and southern Africa. Sanga cattle can be distinguished from pure zebu by their having smaller humps located farther forward on the animals.
Zebu market in Madagascar

Zebu were imported to Africa over many hundreds of years, and interbred with taurine cattle there. Genetic analysis of African cattle has found higher concentrations of zebu genes all along the east coast of Africa, with especially pure cattle on the island of Madagascar, either implying that the method of dispersal was cattle transported by ship or alternatively, the zebu may have reached East Africa via the coastal route (Pakistan, Iran, Southern Arabian coast) much earlier and crossed over to Madagascar. Geneticists at the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya, and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia claim that cattle were domesticated in Africa independent of domestication in the Near East. They conclude that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from the eastern seaboard rather than from a southbound migration of the western cattle.[22] These results do not tell us whether domestication occurred first in Africa or the Near East.[23]

Partial resistance to rinderpest led to another increase in the frequency of zebu in Africa.

In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle, a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including southern China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and almost all countries in Southeast Asia. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as Japan, Korea, northern China, and Mongolia, possibly domesticated separately from the other taurine cattle originating from Europe and Africa. A mixture of Zebu and taurine cattle are found in China, with taurine cattle most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, and a mixture of taurine cattle and zebu making up breeds in central China.[24][25]
Characteristics
Female zebu in Sri Lanka

Zebu have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps, and droopy ears.[26] Compared to taurine cattle, zebus are well adapted to the hot, dry environment of the tropics. Adaptations include resistance to drought and tolerance of intense heat and sunlight.[27]

As expected for a non-African breed, the zebu does not appear to have any trypanotolerance,[28][29] as evidenced by the pattern of zebu introgression into African cattle.[28] There is a decrease up to - and rapid end at - tsetse-infested areas.[28]

Zebu is phenotypically recognized by their hump on the backside of their body, their excess skin, and their large ears. Furthermore, another important characteristic of the Zebu is that they are able to defend against parasites and diseases quite well considering the harsh environment they reside in. [30]

Reproduction

Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. Carrying time of the calf averages at 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the carrying period.[27]
Behavior

Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that the cow weans her calves over a 2-week period, but after that, she continues to show strong affiliatory behavior with her offspring and preferentially chooses them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years.[31]
Uses
Draft zebu pulling a cart in Mumbai, India

Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, beef cattle, dairy cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure, and horn for knife handles and the like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu, are kept as pets.[32] In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head.[33] Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases.[27]

Jallikattu in India is a bull taming sport radically different from European bullfighting, humans are unarmed and bulls are not killed.
Hindu tradition
Further information: Cattle slaughter in India

Zebu are venerated within the Hindu religion of India. In the Vedic period they were a symbol of plenty.[34]: 130  In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the Mahabharata, they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'.[35] In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers.[34]: 144  Cows appear in numerous stories from the Vedas and Puranas. The deity Krishna was brought up in a family of cowherders, and given the name Govinda (protector of the cows). Also, Shiva is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named Nandi.

Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals.[34]: 130  In the postvedic period products of the cow—milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine (gomutra), or the combination of these five (panchagavya)—began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation.[34]: 130–131 
See also

List of Indian cattle breeds
List of animals with humps
List of cattle breeds

References

Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Bos indicus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 71.
Chen, Shanyuan; Lin, Bang-Zhong; Baig, Mumtaz; Mitra, Bikash; Lopes, Ricardo J.; Santos, António M.; Magee, David A.; Azevedo, Marisa; Tarroso, Pedro; Sasazaki, Shinji; Ostrowski, Stephane (2010-01-01). "Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp213. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 19770222.
"Cloning gives second chance for bull". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1999-09-03. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]. "Asiatic cattle". A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3. OCLC 39786571.
Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J. & Groves, C.P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives". Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
Grubb, P. (2005). "Subspecies Bos taurus indicus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 645–646. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Groves, C. & Grubb, P. (2011). "Domestication". Ungulate taxonomy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–9. ISBN 9781421400938.
"Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
Van Vuure, C. (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Sofia: Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 978-954-642-235-4.
Rangarajan, M. (2001). India's Wildlife History. Delhi, India: Permanent Black. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-7824-140-1.
Turvey, Samuel T.; Sathe, Vijay; Crees, Jennifer J.; Jukar, Advait M.; Chakraborty, Prateek; Lister, Adrian M. (January 2021). "Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?" (PDF). Quaternary Science Reviews. 252: 106740. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106740. S2CID 234265221.
"Bos primigenius: Tikhonov, A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T136721A4332142". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 30 June 2008. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t136721a4332142.en.
Chen et al., 2010: "Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic." Molecular biology and evolution, 27(1), 1-6. https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/27/1/1/1127118 (in Supplementary Data)
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