Arctocephalus australis(*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Infraordo: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Ferae
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Infraordo: Arctoidea
Cladus: Pan-Pinnipedia
Cladus: Pinnipedimorpha
Cladus: Pinnipediformes
Parvordo: Pinnipedia
Superfamilia: Otarioidea
Familia: Otariidae
Genus: Arctocephalus
Species: Arctocephalus australis
Name
Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783)
Type locality: Zimmermann (1783) based the name on the "Falkland Isle Seal" of Pennant (1781), and added that it "Wohnt um Juan Fernandez, und über haupt in dortigen Meeren." [Falkland Isls, UK].
Synonyms
Arctocephalus australis (J. A. Allen, 1880)
Arctocephalus brachydactyla (Philippi, 1892)
Arctocephalus falclandica (J. B. Fischer, 1829)
Arctocephalus grayii Scott, 1873
Arctocephalus hauvillii (Lesson, 1827)
Arctocephalus laitirostros J. E. Gray, 1874
Arctocephalus latirostris (J. E. Gray, 1872)
Arctocephalus leucostoma (Philippi, 1892)
Arctocephalus nigrescens (J. E. Gray, 1850)
Arctocephlaus ursinus J. E. Gray, 1843
Arctocephalus australis gracilis Nehring, 1887
Otaria argentata Philippi, 1871
Otaria shawii Lesson, 1828
Phoca falklandica Shaw, 1800
Phoca lupina Molina, 1782
References
Zimmermann, E. A. W., von. 1778-1783. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfussigen Thiere, nebst einer Hieher gehorigen zoologischen Weltcharte. Vol. 2. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der vierfussigen Thiere. Zweiter Band. Enthalt ein vollstandiges. Verzeichniss aller bekannten Quadrupeden. Weygandschen Buchhandlung, Leipzig, 3: 276.
Allen, J. A. 1880. History of North American pinnipeds: A monograph of the walruses, seal-lions, seabears and seals of North America. United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Miscellaneous Publication, 12: 1–785.
Links
Arctocephalus australis in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783) (Least Concern)
Arctocephalus australis (Zimmermann, 1783) – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Südamerikanischer Seebär
English: South American Fur Seal
español: Lobo Marino Fino, Lobo Marino de Dos Pelos, Lobo Fino Sudamericano, Lobo Fino Austral, Lobo Marino Peletero, Lobo Marino Sudamericano, Otaria de Dos Pelos, Oso Marino
magyar: Dél-amerikai medvefóka
polski: Kotik południowoamerykański, kot morski
português: Lobo-marinho-sulamericano
The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) breeds on the coasts of Peru, Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The total population is around 250,000. However, population counts are sparse and outdated. Although Uruguay has long been considered to be the largest population of South American fur seals, recent census data indicates that the largest breeding population of A. a. australis (that breeds in Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay) are at the Falkland Islands (estimated pup abundance ~36,000) [3] followed by Uruguay (pup abundance ~31,000).[4] The population of South American fur seals in 1999 was estimated at 390,000, a drop from a 1987 estimate of 500,000 - however a paucity of population data, combined with inconsistent census methods, makes it difficult to interpret global population trends.
Description
South American fur seals have a dark grey or brown coat of fur. Adult males are much larger than females, with thicker necks and larger shoulders. Males also develop manes of longer guard hairs on their neck and shoulders.[5] Size of the seals varies based on region, but on average, adult males measure up to 2 m long and weigh 150–200 kg and females measure up to 1.5 m long and weigh 30–60 kg.[6] Newborns are 60 to 65 cm and 3.5 to 5.5 kg.
Distribution and habitat
The South American fur seal is found on neotropical ocean coasts from the Paracas Peninsula of southern Peru south to Cape Horn on the Pacific coast, and northward to southern Brazil on the Atlantic coast. They are also found on the Falkland Islands, Staten Island, and Escondida Island.[7] A. australis seals prefer rocky shores and islands, particularly those with steep slopes. They have been found in sea caves in Peru, where some climb up to 15 m to find a spot to rest. There have been isolated records from continental Ecuador, the Galápagos Islands, and the Gorgona Island (Colombia). Anatomical information for the southern fur seals, Arctocephalus spp., is scant.[8] In addition, little is known about the foraging ecology of South American fur seals. Recent tracking studies reveal that South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands use a vast area of the Patagonian Shelf.[9][10]
Subspecies
Two subspecies are currently recognised:[11]
A. a. australis - Falkland Islands
A. a. gracilis - South America
The New Zealand fur seal is sometimes considered a subspecies of A. australis.[11]
SAFS adult female
References
Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Oliveira, L.; Crespo, E. (2016). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2055A45223529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2055A45223529.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Baylis, AMM, Orben, RA, Arkhipkin, AA, et al. Re‐evaluating the population size of South American fur seals and conservation implications. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst. 2019; 1– 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3194
Franco‐Trecu, V., Drago, M., Grandi, M. F., Soutullo, A., Crespo, E. A., & Inchausti, P. (2019). Abundance and Population Trends of the South American Fur Seal Short Note Abundance and Population Trends of the South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis) in Uruguay. Aquatic Mammals, 45,48–55. https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.45.1.2019.48
Marine Mammals > Species: Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
South American Fur Seal, Arctocephalus australis at MarineBio.org
ADW: Arctocephalus australis: Information
William Pérez, Helena Katz, Martin Lima. Gross heart anatomy of Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783)Anatomical Science International (OnlineEarly Articles). doi:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00189.x
Baylis AMM, Tierney M, Orben RA, Staniland IJ, Brickle P (2018) Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour of South American fur seals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 596:233-245. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12557
Baylis AMM, et al. (2018) Habitat use of adult male South American fur seals and a preliminary assessment of spatial overlap with trawl fisheries in the South Atlantic. Mammalian Biology 93: 76-81
Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
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