Alcelaphus caama (Information about this image)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Ordo: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohort: Theria
Cohort: Eutheria
Cohort: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Ordo: Artiodactyla
Subordo: Ruminantia
Familia: Bovidae
Subfamilia: Alcelaphinae
Genus: Alcelaphus
Species: Alcelaphus caama
Name
Alcelaphus caama É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803
Synonyms
Alcelaphus buselaphus caama (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)
References
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1803: Catalogue des mammifères du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (confirmed by the Commission as available for nomenclatural purposes). Op. 2005
Alcelaphus caama in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Alcelaphus buselaphus caama (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) (Least Concern)
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Чырвоны бубал
English: Red Hartebeest
español: Alcélafo caama
magyar: Káma tehénantilop
polski: Kama
The red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus caama) or Cape hartebeest is a subspecies of the hartebeest found in Southern Africa. More than 130,000 individuals live in the wild. The red hartebeest is closely related to the tsessebe and the topi.
Alcelaphus buselaphus caama is a large African antelope of the family Bovidae, one of ten subspecies; it is sometimes treated as a separate species, A. caama. Commonly known as the red hartebeest, it is the most colorful hartebeest, with black markings contrasting against its white abdomen and behind. It has a longer face that other subspecies, with complex curving horns joined at the base.[4] The average weight of a male is about 150 kg, and female is 120 kg. Their average shoulder height is 135 cm, and horns are 60 cm long. The life expectancy of a red hartebeest is around 19 years.[5] Little sexual dimorphism is noted between males and females, showing no distinct identifiable physical features, but body size is slightly affected. Horn size, however, expresses more dimorphism between males and females, as males fight and defend themselves for sexual selection. Thus, male skull weight and circumference is slightly greater than that of the female.[6] Hartebeests have an excellent sense of hearing and smell, although their sense of sight is poor. When alarmed, hartebeests flee, reaching a maximum speed of 55 km/h. Their evasion tactic is to induce confusion by running in a zigzag pattern, making it difficult for predators to catch them.[7]
Life cycle
Breeding
A. buselaphus subspecies have a gestation period of eight months, and they give birth to single calves. They typically give birth in a seasonal pattern before the summer rain begins. After birth, calves are hidden in dense vegetation before joining a group to increase their chances of survival from predators, since they are weak.[8] Most females begin breeding after the age of two, and can conceive again 9 or 10 months after giving birth.[9]
Diet
Red hartebeests are grass feeders, which is evidenced by their long snouts, which give the advantage of an improved cropping ability to acquire and masticate grasses more efficiently. During the rainy season in southern Africa, the grass species Andropogon is in abundance and is the main source of dietary consumption.[10] As grazers, their diets fluctuate seasonally, as they consume higher-quality, green primary production in wet seasons, and lower-quality sheath material in the dry seasons.[11] Hartebeests are considered less water-dependent than most alcelaphines, only needing to drink water when melons and tubers are inaccessible.[11]
Predators
The few carnivores preying on hartebeests in southern Africa include lions, spotted hyenas, leopards, african wild dogs and cheetahs. However, hartebeests are not the primary food source of any of these species, particularly spotted hyenas. Lions only consume hartebeests for about 7% of their diets, hyenas consume hartebeests in 3.5%, cheetahs consume hartebeests in 1.75%, and leopards consume hartebeests in 6.25% of their diets. Lions typically prey on adult males, while both spotted hyenas and leopards tend to prey on young calves. These predatory habits are likely attributed to the difficulty of catching nomadic hartebeests, as well as the better success hyenas and leopards have with catching calves.[12]
Environmental threats
Hunting is always an issue to consider in rural areas, since little enforcement of animal protection laws is possible, or there can be no established regulations at all. Hunting hartebeests for survival is an ancient practice: persistence hunting in the hottest part of the day was most common, when hunters could catch the animal at its weakest point. Over the past 20 years, however, one of the only places where persistence hunting still occurs is in central Kalahari.[13]
Habitat and demographics
The red hartebeest is primarily found in southwestern Africa. Southern Africa's dissected topography, geologic diversity, climate oscillations, and mosaic of distinct vegetation types has been the primary means for radiation and diversification amidst hartebeest species, which has led red hartebeests to vary slightly in their capacity to consume the diets they do.[11] Most ungulates in Africa are nomadic, as they are dependent on food sources that become depleted if they stay in one place. A. buselaphus lives in herds in open plains and scrublands in the sub-Saharan African climate.[4]
Evolutionary history
In the early 1900s, "antelope" was a very broad, ambiguous name given to most hollow-horned ruminants besides oxen, sheep, and goats. Of these antelopes found in Africa, Asia, and Europe, Africa has the most diverse populations of antelopes, with horn lengths ranging from six feet long, to a quarter of an inch.[14] A. b. caama, from the family Bovidae, used to be categorized as the subfamily of Bubalinae, but are now classified under the subfamily Alcelaphini.[15] This youngest of all African bovid subfamilies dates back 5 million years ago, and has exhibited great diversification. The oldest fossil of Alcelaphus has been dated to 740,000 years ago. Besides Alcelaphus, the three other genera from the Alcelaphini are Beatragus, Connochaetes, and Damaliscus. Over millions of years, the Alcelaphini have diversified to fill certain niches and have spread to different habitats across the continent of Africa. The genus Alcelaphus is suggested to have evolved and diversified due to climate variability over a range of habitats in the Pleistocene era. About 500,000 years ago, the Alcelaphini diverged into northern and southern clades, while the northern clade diverged once more into eastern and western lineages 400,000 years ago. The species Alcelaphus caama originated from the southern clade, also including lichtensteinii, in Namibia. The northern clade comprises the rest of the hartebeest complex.
Diversification of these species has been solely attributed to environmental and habitat changes due to global warming around 250 to 195 thousand years ago, and global cooling 175 to 125 thousand years ago.[16]
References
IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017). "Alcelaphus buselaphus ssp. caama". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T814A50181496. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T814A50181496.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1803) Catalogue des mammifères du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.) (2005). Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2.
hartebeest. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Red Hartebeest Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. SMJ Safaris. 2012.
Capellini, I. (2007). "Dimorphism in the hartebeest. Sex, size and gender roles: evolutionary studies of sexual size dimorphism", pp. 124–132, DJ Fairbairn, WU Blanckenhorn & T. Szekely (Eds).
A Guide to the: Red Hartebeest – Alcelaphus buselaphus Archived 21 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. EcoTravel.co.za 2012.
"Red Hartebeest". Kruger National Park.
Hartebeest: Alcelaphus buselaphus Archived 22 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. ThinkQuest. 1988.
Schuette, J.; Leslie, D.; Lochmiller, R. & Jenks, J. (1998). "Diets of hartebeests and roan antelopes in Burkina Faso: Support of the long-faced hypothesis". Journal of Mammalogy. 79 (2): 426–436. doi:10.2307/1382973. JSTOR 1382973.
McNaughton, S. & Georgiadis, N. (1986). "Ecology of African Grazing and Browsing Mammals". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 17: 39–66. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.000351.
Mills, M. (1984). "Prey selection and feeding habits of the large carnivores in the southern Kalahari". Koedoe. 27 (2). doi:10.4102/koedoe.v27i2.586.
Liebenberg, L. (2006). "Hunting by modern hunter-gatherer". Current Anthropology. 47 (6): 1017–1026. doi:10.1086/508695.
Capellini, I & Gosling, L. (2007). "Habitat, primary production, and evolution of body size within the hartebeest clade". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 92 (3): 431–440. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00883.x.
Dollman, G. (1936). "African Antelopes". Journal of the Royal African Society. 35 (141): 1–28. JSTOR 717166.
Flagstad, Ø.; Syversten, P.; Stenseth, N. & Jakobsen, K. (2001). "Environmental change and rates of evolution: The phylogeographic pattern within the hartebeest complex as related to climatic variation". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1468): 667–77. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1416. JSTOR 3067612. PMC 1088655. PMID 11321054.
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