Sylvia nisoria (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Sylvioidea
Familia: Sylviidae
Genus: Sylvia
Species: Sylvia nisoria
Subspecies: S. n. merzbacheri – S. n. nisoria
Name
Sylvia nisoria (Bechstein, 1792)
Synonymy
Motacilla nisoria (protonym)
References
Kurzgefaszte gemeinnutzige Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes für Schulen und hauslichen Unterricht. 1: 537, note.
Vernacular names
العربية: دخلة مخططة
башҡортса: Сыбар килейек
български: Ястребогушо коприварче
brezhoneg: Devedig lagad aour
català: Tallarol esparverenc
čeština: Pěnice vlašská
чӑвашла: Йăрăмлă чечен кайăкĕ
Cymraeg: Telor rhesog
dansk: Høgesanger
Deutsch: Sperbergrasmücke
Ελληνικά: Γερακοτσιροβάκος
English: Barred Warbler
Esperanto: Nizosilvio
español: Curruca gavilana
eesti: Vööt-põõsalind
euskara: Txinbo gabirai
فارسی: سسک بسته
suomi: Kirjokerttu
føroyskt: Heykljómari
français: Fauvette épervière
italiano: Bigia padovana
қазақша: Қаршығарең сандуғаш
Limburgs: Sperwergraasmös
lietuvių: Raiboji devynbalsė
latviešu: Svītrainais ķauķis
македонски: Дамчесто грмушарче
Nederlands: Sperwergrasmus
norsk nynorsk: Hauksongar
norsk: Hauksanger
polski: Jarzębatka
română: Silvie porumbacă
русский: Ястребиная славка
slovenčina: Penica jarabá
српски / srpski: Пиргаста грмуша - Pirgasta grmuša
svenska: Höksångare
Türkçe: Çizgili ötleğen
українська: Кропив'янка рябогруда
中文: 横斑林莺
The barred warbler (Curruca nisoria) is a typical warbler which breeds across temperate regions of central and eastern Europe and western and central Asia. This passerine bird is strongly migratory, and winters in tropical eastern Africa.[2]
Immature on migration, England
It is the largest Curruca warbler, 15.5–17 cm in length and weighing 22–36 g, mainly grey above and whitish below. Adult males are dark grey above with white tips on the wing coverts and tail feathers, and heavily barred below. The female is similar but slightly paler and has only light barring. Young birds buffy grey-brown above, pale buff below, and have very little barring, with few obvious distinctive features; they can easily be confused with garden warblers, differing in the slight barring on the tail coverts and the pale fringes on the wing feathers, and their slightly larger size. The eye has a yellow iris in adults, dark in immatures; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs stout, grey-brown.[3][4]
Taxonomy
Within the genus Curruca it is highly distinctive; the barred underside is shared only with the Cyprus warbler, which has black barring and an entirely different overall colour pattern. The barred warbler seems to represent an ancient lineage of Curruca warblers on its own and does not appear to have any particularly close relatives in the genus.[5][6]
Two subspecies are recognised. The nominate Curruca nisoria nisoria occurs over most of the species' range, while Curruca nisoria merzbacheri occurs at eastern end of the range in central Asia. The latter is marginally paler and less heavily barred than the nominate subspecies, but they are barely distinct and intergrade where the ranges meet.[2] Some authors consider them synonymous.[7]
The specific nisoria is Medieval Latin for the Eurasian sparrowhawk, which is also barred.[8]
Ecology
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
Cuculus canorus canorus in a spawn of Sylvia nisoria - MHNT
The barred warbler is a bird of open country with bushes for nesting, with very similar habitat preferences to the red-backed shrike. The nest is built in low shrub or brambles, and three to seven eggs are laid. Like most warblers, it is mainly insectivorous, but also takes berries and other soft fruit extensively in late summer and autumn. Its song is a pleasant chattering like a garden warbler with many clear notes, but is harsher and less melodious, and slightly higher pitched, with some resemblance to the common whitethroat's song.[3][4]
Occurrence
The European population is estimated at around 460,000 pairs. It has declined in some areas, particularly at the western end of its breeding range in Denmark (where it is now extinct as a breeding bird) and Germany, due to habitat loss from agricultural intensification; conversely, some increase has occurred in Ukraine and southern Finland. Further east, numbers are currently stable. Population densities range between 1–20 pairs per 10 ha in Germany, up to 30 pairs per 10 ha recorded in Kazakhstan.[2]
Barred warblers are regular on autumn passage as far west as Great Britain (typically 100-200 records annually), where it occurs mainly on the east coast between late August and late October, and more rarely to Ireland (around 10–20 records annually); spring passage records in Britain are very rare (1–3 per decade).[9] The vast majority of British and Irish records are of first-year birds, with adults occurring only exceptionally rarely.[7]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Sylvia nisoria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22716937A87716403. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22716937A87716403.en. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., & Christie, D. (editors). (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-96553-06-X.
Svensson, L., Mullarney, K. & Zetterström, D. (2009). Collins Bird Guide, second edition. HarperCollins, London ISBN 978-0-00-726726-2.
Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. hdl:11245/1.132115. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
Helbig, A. J. (2001). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Sylvia. Pp. 24-29 in: Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G., Helbig, A. J., & Harris, A. Sylvia Warblers. Helm Identification Guides ISBN 0-7136-3984-9
Jønsson, K. A. & Fjeldså, J. (2006). A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). Zool. Scripta 35 (2): 149–186. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x
Williamson, K. (1976). Identification for Ringers: The Genus Sylvia. British Trust for Ornithology.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 272, 376. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Dymond, J. N., Fraser, P. A., & Gantlett, S. J. M. (1989). Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland. T & A D Poyser ISBN 0-85661-053-4.
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