Stachys

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Lamiaceae
Subfamilia: Lamioideae
Tribus: Stachydeae
Genus: Stachys
Species

S. acerosa – S. aculeolata – S. adulterina – S. aegyptiaca – S. aethiopica – S. affinis – S. agraria – S. ahmet-savranii – S. ajugoides – S. alabamica – S. albanica – S. albens – S. albicaulis – S. albiflora – S. albotomentosa – S. aleurites – S. alpigena – S. alpina – S. amanica – S. anamurensis – S. andongensis – S. angustifolia – S. anisochila – S. annua – S. antalyensis – S. aperta – S. appalachiana – S. arabica – S. arachnoidea – S. araucana – S. arenaria – S. arenariiformis – S. argillicola – S. aristata – S. arrecta – S. arriagana – S. arvensis – S. aspera – S. asperata – S. atherocalyx – S. aucheri – S. aurea – S. babunensis – S. bakeri – S. balansae – S. balensis – S. bayburtensis – S. baytopiorum – S. beckeana – S. benthamiana – S. bergii – S. biflora – S. bigelovii – S. bithynica – S. bizensis – S. bogotensis – S. bolusii – S. bombycina – S. boraginoides – S. brachiata – S. brachyclada – S. bridgesii – S. bullata – S. burchelliana – S. burgsdorffioides – S. buttleri – S. byzantina – S. caffra – S. calcicola – S. candida – S. canescens – S. carduchorum – S. caroliniana – S. cataonica – S. chamissonis – S. chasmosericea – S. chinensis – S. choruhensis – S. chrysantha – S. circinata – S. citrina – S. clingmanii – S. coccinea – S. collina – S. comosa – S. cordata – S. cordifolia – S. corsica – S. costaricensis – S. cretica – S. cuneata – S. cydni – S. cymbalaria – S. darcyana – S. debilis – S. didymantha – S. dinteri – S. distans – S. diversifolia – S. dregeana – S. drummondii – S. durandiana – S. duriaei – S. ehrenbergii – S. elliptica – S. eplingii – S. erectiuscula – S. eremicola – S. eriantha – S. euadenia – S. euboica – S. fendleri – S. filifolia – S. flavescens – S. flexuosa – S. floccosa – S. floridana – S. fominii – S. fontqueri – S. forsythii – S. fragillima – S. fruticulosa – S. gaziantepensis – S. geobombycis – S. germanica – S. gilliesii – S. glandulibracteata – S. glandulifera – S. glandulosa – S. glandulosissima – S. globosa – S. glutinosa – S. gossweileri – S. goulimyi – S. graciliflora – S. graeca – S. grandidentata – S. grandifolia – S. graveolens – S. guyoniana – S. hakkariensis – S. hamata – S. harkerae – S. harleyana – S. hebens – S. heraclea – S. herrerae – S. herrerana – S. hians – S. hildebrandtii – S. hintoniorum – S. hispida – S. hissarica – S. huber-morathii – S. huetii – S. huillensis – S. humbertii – S. humifusa – S. hydrophila – S. hyssopifolia – S. hyssopoides – S. iberica – S. iltisii – S. inanis – S. inclusa – S. inflata – S. intermedia – S. ionica – S. iraqensis – S. iva – S. jaimehintonii – S. jijigaensis – S. keerlii – S. kermanshahensis – S. ketenoglui – S. komarovii – S. kotschyi – S. kouyangensis – S. kulalensis – S. kuntzei – S. kurdica – S. lamarckii – S. lamioides – S. langmaniae – S. lanigera – S. latidens – S. lavandulifolia – S. laxa – S. leucoglossa – S. libanotica – S. lindenii – S. linearis – S. longiflora – S. longispicata – S. lurestanica – S. lyallii – S. macraei – S. macrotricha – S. manantlanensis – S. mandoniana – S. marashica – S. mardinensis – S. maritima – S. marrubiifolia – S. matthewsii – S. megalodonta – S. melampyroides – S. melissifolia – S. menthifolia – S. menthoides – S. mexicana – S. mialhesii – S. milanii – S. minor – S. mohinora – S. mollissima – S. moorei – S. mouretii – S. mucronata – S. multicaulis – S. munzurdagensis – S. musili – S. namazdaghensis – S. natalensis – S. nelsonii – S. nemorivaga – S. nepetifolia – S. nephrophylla – S. neurocalycina – S. nigricans – S. nivea – S. nubilorum – S. obliqua – S. oblongifolia – S. obscura – S. obtusicrena – S. obtusifolia – S. ochroleuca – S. ocymastrum – S. oligantha – S. oreophila – S. pacifica – S. palaestina – S. palustris – S. paneiana – S. pannosa – S. parolinii – S. pauli – S. penanevada – S. peruviana – S. petrokosmos – S. philippiana – S. pilifera – S. pilosa – S. pilosissima – S. pinardii – S. pinetorum – S. pittieri – S. plumosa – S. pringlei – S. pseudobombycina – S. pseudohumifusa – S. pseudonigricans – S. pseudophlomis – S. pseudopinardii – S. pumila – S. pusilla – S. pycnantha – S. pyramidalis – S. radicans – S. ramosissima – S. recta – S. rehmannii – S. reptans – S. reticulata – S. riederi – S. rigida – S. riparia – S. rivularis – S. rizeensis – S. rosea – S. rothrockii – S. rotundifolia – S. rubella – S. rudatisii – S. rugosa – S. rupestris – S. salisii – S. sanchezii – S. sandersii – S. saturejoides – S. saxicola – S. scaberula – S. scabrida – S. schimperi – S. serbica – S. sericantha – S. sericea – S. sericophylla – S. sessilifolia – S. sessilis – S. setifera – S. simplex – S. sintenisii – S. sivasica – S. sparsipilosa – S. spathulata – S. spectabilis – S. speluncarum – S. sphaerodonta – S. spinosa – S. spinulosa – S. spreitzenhoferi – S. sprucei – S. spruneri – S. stebbinsii – S. stricta – S. strictiflora – S. subaphylla – S. sublobata – S. subnuda – S. swainsonii – S. sylvatica – S. taliensis – S. talyschensis – S. tamaulipana – S. tenerrima – S. tenuifolia – S. tetragona – S. thirkei – S. thracica – S. thunbergii – S. tlaxiacana – S. tmolea – S. torresii – S. tournefortii – S. trichophylla – S. trinervis – S. truncata – S. tubulosa – S. tundjeliensis – S. turcomanica – S. turkestanica – S. turneri – S. tymphaea – S. tysonii – S. uniflora – S. urticoides – S. venezuelana – S. venulosa – S. veroniciformis – S. virgata – S. viscosa – S. viticina – S. vulnerabilis – S. vuralii – S. willemsei – S. woronowii – S. xanthantha – S. yemenensis – S. yildirimlii – S. zepcensis – S. zeyheri – S. zoharyana
Nothospecies

S. × ambigua – S. × bodeana – S. × burrii – S. × cryptadenia – S. × digenea – S. × leucomalla – S. × medebachensis – S. × mirabilis

Names in synonymy with accepted Betonica species: S. abchasica – S. alopecuros – S. betoniciflora – S. brantii – S. bulgarica – S. discolor – S. hirsuta – S. macrostachys – S. officinalis – S. pradica – S. pseudofloccosa – S. scardica

Other synonymous combinations: S. asterocalyx – S. folifolia – S. ixodes – S. koelzii – S. mayorii – S. parviflora – S. siamensis – S. spectabiliformis – S. terekensis – S. tschatkalensis
Source(s) of checklist:

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Stachys in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Sep 25. Reference page.

Name

Stachys L., Sp. Pl. 2: 580. 1753, nom. cons., Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 253. 1754.

Lectotype species: Stachys sylvatica L. (designated by M.L. Green Prop. Brit. Bot. 165. Aug 1929)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Galeopsis Hill, Brit. Herb.: 359. 1756, nom. illeg. non L. 1753.
Zietenia Gled., Syst. Pl. Stamin. Situ: 185. 1764.
Trixago Haller, Hist. Stirp. Helv. 1: 101. 1768.
Bonamya Neck., Elem. Bot. 1: 316. 1790, opus utiq. oppr.
Galeopsis Moench, Methodus: 397. 1794, nom. illeg.
Eriostomum Hoffmanns. & Link, Fl. Portug. 1: 105. 1809.
Tetrahitum Hoffmanns. & Link, Fl. Portug. 1: 103. 1809.
Eriostemum Steud., Nomencl. Bot., ed. 2, 1: 588. 1840.
Olisia Spach, Hist. Nat. Vég. 9: 166. 1840.
Ortostachys Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17: 136. 1869.
Trixella Fourr., Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n.s., 17: 135. 1869.
Aspasia E.Mey. ex Pfeiff., Nomencl. Bot. 1: 295. 1873.
Stachyus St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 109. 1880.
Lamiostachys Krestovsk., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 91: 1258. 2006.
Menitskia (Krestovsk.) Krestovsk., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 91: 1893. 2006.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Africa
Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
Macaronesia
Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira.
West Tropical Africa
Mali, (introduced) Nigeria, Senegal (doubtful).
West-Central Tropical Africa
Burundi, Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Islands, Rwanda, Zaïre.
Northeast Tropical Africa
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan.
East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.
South Tropical Africa
Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Southern Africa
Botswana, Cape Provinces, Lesotho, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Swaziland, Northern Provinces.
Middle Atlantic Ocean
Ascension, St. Helena (introduced)
Western Indian Ocean
Madagascar.
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
Altay, Buryatiya, Chita, Irkutsk Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, West Siberia, Yakutiya.
Russian Far East
Amur, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk, Kuril Islands, Primorye, Sakhalin.
Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Western Asia
Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
Arabian Peninsula
Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
China
China South-Central, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Tibet, Xinjiang.
Mongolia
Mongolia.
Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Taiwan.
Asia-Tropical
Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Indo-China
Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Malesia
Jawa.
Australasia
Australia
Norfolk Islands, Tasmania (introduced).
New Zealand
New Zealand North, New Zealand South (introduced).
Pacific
Southwestern Pacific
New Caledonia (introduced).
South-Central Pacific
Easter Islands (introduced).
North-Central Pacific
Hawaii (introduced).
Northern America
Subarctic America
Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon.
Western Canada
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan.
Eastern Canada
New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia (introduced), Ontario, Québec.
Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Islands, Vermont, West Virginia.
Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico, Texas.
Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi (introduced), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia.
Mexico
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast.
Southern America
Central America
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.
Caribbean
Bermuda, Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands (introduced).
Northern South America
Venezuela.
Western South America
Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Galápagos (introduced), Peru.
Brazil
Brazil Southeast, Brazil South.
Southern South America
Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Juan Fernández Islands (introduced), Paraguay, Uruguay.
Antarctic
Subantarctic Islands
Tristan da Cunha (introduced).

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 580. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 253. Reference page.

Additional references

Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
Krestovskaja, T.V. & Vasileva, I.M.. 1997. Палинологическое изучение видов рода Stachys и Betonica (Lamiaceae) (Palynological study in the genera Stachys and Betonica (Lamiaceae)). Botanicheskii Zhurnal (Moscow & Leningrad) 82(11): 30–41. DJVU (entire issue) Reference page.
Scheen, A.-C., Bendiksby, M., Ryding, P.O., Mathiesen, C., Albert, V.A. & Lindqvist, C. 2010. Molecular phylogenetics, character evolution, and suprageneric classification of Lamioideae (Lamiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 97(2): 191–217. DOI: 10.3417/2007174 ResearchGate BHL Reference page.
Salmaki, Y., Zarre, S., Ryding, P.O., Lindqvist, C., Bräuchler, C., Heubl, G., Barber, J. & Bendiksby, M. 2013. Molecular phylogeny of tribe Stachydeae (Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 69(3): 535–551. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.07.024 Reference page.
Tundis, R., Peruzzi, L. & Menichini, F.. 2014 Phytochemical and biological studies of Stachys species in relation to chemotaxonomy: A review. Phytochemistry 102: 7–39. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.023. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Stachys in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2019 Sep 25. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Stachys. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 June 12.
International Plant Names Index. 2014. Stachys. Published online. Accessed: June 12 2014.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Stachys in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2019 Sep 25.

Vernacular names
العربية: بطنج
azərbaycanca: Poruq
башҡортса: Иренсәскә
български: Ранилист
català: Betònica
čeština: čistec
dansk: Galtetand
Deutsch: Zieste
English: Heal-all, Self-heal, Woundwort, Betony, Lamb's ears, Hedgenettle
eesti: Nõianõges
فارسی: عروس کوهی
suomi: Pähkämöt
français: Épiaire
Gaeilge: Braichlis chréachta
עברית: אשבל
hornjoserbsce: Přeslička
magyar: Tisztesfű
հայերեն: Աբեղախոտ, եզնախոտ
Ido: Betonio
ქართული: ბარისპირა
қазақша: Қайызғақшөп
lietuvių: Notra
македонски: Чистец
Nederlands: andoorn
norsk nynorsk: Svinerotslekta
occitan: Stachys
polski: Czyściec
русский: Чистец
slovenčina: čistec, betonika
svenska: Syskesläktet
українська: Чистець
中文: 水苏属

Stachys is one of the largest genera in the flowering plant family Lamiaceae.[3] Estimates of the number of species in the genus vary from about 300,[3] to about 450.[4] The type species for the genus is Stachys sylvatica.[5] Stachys is in the subfamily Lamioideae.[3] Generic limits and relationships in this subfamily are poorly known.

Range and naming

The distribution of the genus covers Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia and North America. Common names include hedgenettle,[6] heal-all, self-heal, woundwort, betony, and lamb's ears. Wood betony, S. officinalis, was the most important medicinal herb to the Anglo-Saxons of early medieval England.

Stachys was named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[7] The name is derived from the Greek word σταχυς (stachys), meaning "an ear of grain",[8] and refers to the fact that the inflorescence is often a spike. The name woundwort derives from the past use of certain species in herbal medicine for the treatment of wounds.
Human uses

The Chinese artichoke (S. affinis), is grown for its edible tuber.[4] Several species are cultivated as ornamentals. Woolly betony (S. byzantina) is a popular decorative garden plant.
Use by other species

Stachys species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the moths Coleophora auricella, C. lineolea, and C. wockeella, all recorded on S. officinalis. They are also widely used by the European wool carder bee (Anthidium manicatum), which scrape the hairs from the plant in order to use them for building their nests.[9]
Description

Stachys is a genus of shrubs and annual or perennial herbs. The stems vary from 50–300 cm (20–120 in) tall, with simple, opposite, triangular leaves, 1–14 cm (0.4–5.5 in) long with serrate margins. In most species, the leaves are softly hairy. The flowers are 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) long, clustered in the axils of the leaves on the upper part of the stem. The corolla is 5-lobed with the top lobe forming a 'hood', varying from white to pink, purple, red or pale yellow.
Circumscription

The distinction between Stachys and other genera is unclear and has varied from one author to another. In 2002, a molecular phylogenetic study showed that Stachys officinalis is not closely related to the rest of the genus.[10] This study also found six other genera to be embedded within Stachys as it is currently circumscribed. The embedded genera are Prasium, Phlomidoschema, Sideritis, Haplostachys, Phyllostegia, and Stenogyne.
Fossil record

†Stachys pliocenica fossil seeds are known from Upper Miocene strata of Bulgaria and Pliocene strata of south-eastern Belarus. The fossil seeds are similar to the seeds of Stachys cretica.[11]
Diversity
Main article: List of Stachys species

Selected species include:[12]
Stachys tenuifolia var. hispida
Stachys alpina

Stachys affinis Bunge – Chinese artichoke
Stachys ajugoides Benth. – bugle hedgenettle
Stachys alabamica B.R.Keener & L.J.Davenp. – Alabama hedgenettle
Stachys albens A.Gray – white hedgenettle, whitestem hedgenettle
Stachys albicaulis Lindl.
Stachys alpina L. – alpine woundwort
Stachys annua (L.) L. – annual woundwort
Stachys arvensis L. – staggerweed, field woundwort

Stachys byzantina

Stachys bullata Benth.
Stachys byzantina K.Koch – woolly betony, lamb's ear
Stachys candida Bory & Chaub.
Stachys chamissonis Benth. – great hedge nettle, coastal hedge nettle
Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae (A.Heller) G.A.Mulligan & D.B.Munro – Cooley's hedge nettle
Stachys chrysantha Boiss. & Heldr.
Stachys citrina Benth.
Stachys clingmanii Small – Clingman's hedge nettle
Stachys coccinea Ortega

Stachys chamissonis var. cooleyae

Stachys corsica Pers.
Stachys cretica L.
Stachys debilis Kunth
Stachys ehrenbergii Boiss.
Stachys floridana Benth. – Florida hedgenettle, Florida betony
Stachys germanica L. – downy woundwort
Stachys glutinosa L.
Stachys hispida Pursh – rough hedge-nettle
Stachys hyssopifolia Michx.
Stachys iva Griseb.
Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl
Stachys libanotica Benth.
Stachys manantlanensis B.L.Turner
Stachys mexicana Benth. – Mexican hedge nettle
Stachys milanii Magnier

Stachys palustris

Stachys nelsonii B.R.Keener & L.J.Davenp. – Nelson's hedgenettle
Stachys palustris L. – marsh woundwort, marsh hedge-nettle
Stachys pumila Banks & Sol.
Stachys pycnantha Benth.
Stachys recta L. – yellow woundwort
Stachys riederi Cham.
Stachys rigida Benth. – rough hedgenettle

Stachys sylvatica

Stachys sprucei Briq.
Stachys stricta Greene
Stachys sylvatica L. – hedge woundwort
Stachys tenuifolia Willd. – smooth hedgenettle

Formerly placed here

Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze (as S. foeniculum Pursh)
Leonurus japonicus Houtt. (as S. artemisia Lour.)
Stachys monieri (Gouan) P.W.Ball, now in the synonymy of Betonica officinalis
Betonica macrantha K.Koch (as S. macrantha (K.Koch) Stearn)
Betonica officinalis L. (as S. officinalis (L.) Trevis.)

References

"Genus: Stachys L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-11-03. Archived from the original on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
Harley, R. M., et al. 2004. "Labiatae". pages 167–275. In: Kubitzki, K. (editor) and J. W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK.
Stachys In: Index Nominum Genericorum. In: Regnum Vegetabile (see External links below).
"Stachys". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
Carolus Linnaeus. 1753. Species Plantarum 2:580. Laurentii Salvii. (see External Links below).
Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names volume I, page 91. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. ISBN 978-0-8493-2673-8 (set). (see External links below).
Eltz, Thomas; Küttner, Jennifer; Lunau, Klaus; Tollrian, Ralph (6 January 2015). "Plant secretions prevent wasp parasitism in nests of wool-carder bees, with implications for the diversification of nesting materials in Megachilidae". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2. doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00086.
Lindqvist, C. and V. A. Albert. 2002. Origin of the Hawaiian endemic mints within North American Stachys (Lamiaceae). American Journal of Botany 89(10), 1709–24.
The Pliocene flora of Kholmech, south-eastern Belarus and its correlation with other Pliocene floras of Europe by Felix Yu. Velichkevich and Ewa Zastawniak - Acta Palaeobot. 43(2): 137–259, 2003
"Stachys L." Plants Of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-03-31.