Classification System: APG IV
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales
Familia: Orobanchaceae
Tribus: Rhinantheae
Genus: Lathraea
Species: (5) L. clandestina – L. japonica – L. purpurea – L. rhodopaea – L. squamaria
Name
Lathraea L., Sp. Pl. 2: 605. 1753.
Lectotype species: Lathraea squamaria L. (designated by M. L. Green, Prop. Brit. Bot. 167. Aug. 1929)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 605. Reference page.
Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.
The Plant List 2013. Lathraea in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 Feb. 28.
Tropicos.org 2014. Lathraea. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 Feb. 28.
International Plant Names Index. 2014. Lathraea. Published online. Accessed: Feb. 28 2014.
Hassler, M. 2018. Lathraea. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Dec 21. Reference page.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Lathraea in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2018 Dec 21.
Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Latreya
беларуская: Таемнік
български: Горска майка
kaszëbsczi: Wąsotka
čeština: podbílek
dansk: Skælrod
Deutsch: Schuppenwurzen
English: Toothwort
eesti: Käopäkk
suomi: Suomukat
hornjoserbsce: Šupica
日本語: ヤマウツボ属
lietuvių: Žvynašaknė
Nederlands: Schubwortel
norsk: Skjellrot
polski: Łuskiewnik
русский: Петров крест
slovenčina: zubovník
svenska: Vätterossläktet
中文: 齿鳞草属
Lathraea (toothwort) is a small genus of five to seven species of flowering plants, native to temperate Europe and Asia. They are parasitic plants on the roots of other plants, and are completely lacking chlorophyll. They are classified in the family Orobanchaceae.
The toothwort is a protocarnivorous plant.[dubious – discuss] Most of the plant consists of a branched whitish underground stem closely covered with thick fleshy colourless leaves, which are bent over so as to hide the under surface; irregular cavities communicating with the exterior are formed in the thickness of the leaf. On the inner walls of these chambers are stalked hairs, which when stimulated by the touch of an insect send out delicate filaments by means of which the insect is killed and digested.[1][2]
Purple toothwort (Lathraea clandestina)
Etymology
The genus name Lathraea derives from the ancient greek λαθραῖος (lathraîos), meaning "clandestine",[3] which is a reference to the fact that it is inconspicuous until it flowers.[4]
Phylogeny
The phylogeny of the genera of Rhinantheae has been explored using molecular characters.[5][6] Lathraea is the sister genus to Rhinanthus, and then to Rhynchocorys. These three genera share phylogenetic affinities with members of the core Rhinantheae: Bartsia, Euphrasia, Tozzia, Hedbergia, Bellardia, and Odontites. Melampyrum appears as a more distant relative.
Genus-level cladogram of tribe Rhinantheae.
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The cladogram has been reconstructed from nuclear and plastid DNA molecular characters (ITS, rps16 intron and trnK region).[5][6]
Species
Common toothwort (Lathraea squamaria) is parasitic on the roots of hazel and alder, occasionally on beech, in shady places such as hedge sides. Lathraea squamaria is widespread in Europe.
Purple toothwort (Lathraea clandestina) grows on the roots of alder, poplar and willow. At Arduaine Garden in Argyll in the absence of the three well-known hosts it grows on the roots of a variety of ornamental trees and shrubs; in the same garden cats are frequently seen to roll in the flowers and to eat them.[7] It differs in the dark purple flowers being produced one on each stem. Purple toothwort grows in Middle and South Europe: Western Belgium, Western and Central France and Northern Spain, and locally in Central Italy.[8] Elsewhere, especially in the British Isles, the plant is locally naturalized in parks and old gardens.
Rhodope toothwort (Lathraea rhodopaea) is common in the Rhodope Mountains and Rila mountain range in southeastern Europe.
In Pavel Ivanovich Melnikov's "In the Forests" a Russian wise woman (znakharka) calls this plant[which?] Peter's Cross and says it protects against devils but only if collected with a prayer to God.
Notes
Francis Ernest Lloyd, The Carnivorous Plants, The Chronica Botanica Company, Waltham, Mass., 1942 - ISBN B0000EGY6B
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Toothwort". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 47.
Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
David., Gledhill (2008-01-01). The Names of Plants. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521685535. OCLC 938986293.
Těšitel, Jakub; Říha, Pavel; Svobodová, Šárka; Malinová, Tamara; Štech, Milan (2010-10-28). "Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae". Folia Geobotanica. 45 (4): 347–367. doi:10.1007/s12224-010-9089-y. ISSN 1211-9520.
Scheunert, Agnes; Fleischmann, Andreas; Olano-Marín, Catalina; Bräuchler, Christian; Heubl, Günther (2012-12-14). "Phylogeny of tribe Rhinantheae (Orobanchaceae) with a focus on biogeography, cytology and re-examination of generic concepts". Taxon. 61 (6): 1269–1285. doi:10.1002/tax.616008.
Maurice Wilkins, Head Gardener
GRIN. Lathraea clandestina Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
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