Centaurium

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Gentianales

Familia: Gentianaceae
Tribus: Chironieae
Subtribus: Chironiinae
Genus: Centaurium
Species: C. ameghinoi – C. barrelieroides – C. bianoris – C. cachanlahuen – C. capense – C. centaurioides – C. chloodes – C. × cicekii – C. cochinchinense – C. compar – C. erythraea – C. favargeri – C. flexuosum – C. intermedium – C. × jolivetinum – C. × litardierei – C. littorale – C. malzacianum – C. maritimum – C. minutissimum – C. portense – C. pulchellum – C. quadrifolium – C. rigualii – C. scilloides – C. serpentinicola – C. tenuiflorum
Source(s) of checklist:

Name

Centaurium Hill, Brit. Herb. 62[–63, pl. 9 [upper left]] (1756).

Type species: Gentiana centaurium L., Sp. Pl. 1: 229 (1753), designated by A. Melderis in V.H. Heywood, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 65: 229 (1972) sensu Centaurium littorale (D.Turner) Gilmour, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1937(10): 498 (1937).

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Centaurella Delarbre, Fl. Auvergne, ed. 2: 28 (1800).
Erythraea Reneaulme ex Borkh., Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 1(1): 28 (1796).
Hippocentaurea Schult., Oestr. Fl., ed. 2, 1: 388 (1814).
Gonipia Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 23 (1837).
Libadion Bubani, Fl. Pyren. 1: 539 (1897).
Xanthaea Rchb., Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch: 132 (1841).
Monodiella Maire, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afr. Nord, 34: 137 (1943).

Homonyms

Centaurium Borkh. = Canscora Lam.
Centaurium Pers. = Bartonia Muhl. ex Willd.
Centaurium Haller f. = Centaurea L.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Regional: Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Regional: Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara.
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Madeira.
Regional: West Tropical Africa
Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal.
Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, Somalia.
Regional: Western Indian Ocean
Mauritius, Réunion.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Siberia
Altay, West Siberia.
Regional: Russian Far East
Primorye.
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan.
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.
Regional: Western Asia
Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.
Regional: Arabian Peninsula
Gulf States, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
Regional: China
Hainan, Inner Mongolia, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Xinjiang.
Regional: Mongolia
Mongolia.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Taiwan.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, West Himalaya.
Regional: Indo-China
Vietnam.
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
Norfolk Islands, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia.
Regional: New Zealand
New Zealand North, New Zealand South.
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Western Canada
British Columbia.
Regional: Eastern Canada
New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Québec.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin.
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia.
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
California.
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
Texas.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Virginia.
Regional: Mexico
Mexican Pacific Islands, Mexico Northwest.
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Central America
Costa Rica.
Regional: Caribbean
Bermuda, Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands.
Regional: Western South America
Bolivia (doubtfully present), Ecuador (introduced), Peru.
Regional: Brazil
Brazil Southeast, Brazil South.
Regional: Southern South America
Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Chile South, Juan Fernández Islands, Uruguay.
Continental: Antarctic
Regional: Subantarctic Islands
Falkland Islands.
Note: Grey script indicates introduced occurrences.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Hill, J. 1756-1757. The British Herbal: an history of plants and trees, natives of Britain, cultivated for use, or raised for beauty. 533 pp. + 75 pl. London. BHL Reference page. : 62.

Additional references

Mansion, G. 2004. A new classification of the polyphyletic genus Centaurium Hill (Chironiinae, Gentianaceae): description of the New World endemic Zeltnera, and reinstatement of Gyrandra Griseb. and Schenkia Griseb. Taxon 53(3): 719–740. DOI: 10.2307/4135447 JSTOR PDF Reference page.
Mansion, G. & Struwe, L. 2004. Generic delimitation and phylogenetic relationships within the subtribe Chironiinae (Chironieae: Gentianaceae), with special reference to Centaurium: evidence from nrDNA and cpDNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 32(3): 951–977. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2004.03.016 ResearchGate Full text not availableReference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Centaurium in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 11. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Centaurium. Published online. Accessed: Jul 11 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Centaurium. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 11.
Hassler, M. 2021. Centaurium. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Jul 11. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Centaurium. Accessed: 11 Jul 2021.

Vernacular names
čeština: zeměžluč
dansk: Tusindgylden
Deutsch: Tausendgüldenkraut
English: Centaury
Esperanto: Centaŭrio
español: Centaurion
eesti: Maasapp
فارسی: قنطوریون
suomi: Sapet
français: Petite centaurée
hornjoserbsce: Wjelezłotowka
magyar: Ezerjófű
հայերեն: Ոսկեհազարուկ
қазақша: Толғақшөп
lietuvių: Širdažolė
Nederlands: Duizendguldenkruid
ирон: Ризæджыгæрдæг
polski: Centuria
русский: Золототысячник
slovenčina: zemežlč
svenska: Arunsläktet
Türkçe: Kantaron
українська: Золототисячник
中文: 百金花属

Centaurium (centaury) is a genus of 20 species in the gentian family (Gentianaceae), tribe Chironieae, subtribe Chironiinae. The genus was named after the centaur Chiron, famed in Greek mythology for his skill in medicinal herbs. It is distributed across Europe and into Asia.

Until 2004, Centaurium was given a much wider circumscription, comprising about 50 species ranging across Europe, Asia, the Americas, Australasia and the Pacific. However this circumscription was polyphyletic, so in 2004 the genus was split in four, being Centaurium sensu stricto, Zeltnera, Gyrandra and Schenkia.[1]

Species

Centaurium barrelieri (Duf.) F. Q. & Rothm.
Centaurium bianoris (Sennen) Sennen
Centaurium calycosum (Buckley) Fernald
Centaurium capense Broome
Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) Rolla Rao & Hemadri
Centaurium chloodes (Brot.) Samp.
Centaurium davyi (Jeps.) Abrams
Centaurium erythraea Rafn
Centaurium exaltatum (Griseb.) W. Wight ex Piper
Centaurium favargeri Zeltner
Centaurium gypsicola (Boiss. & Reut.) Ronniger
Centaurium littorale (D. Turner) Gilmour
Centaurium mairei Zeltner
Centaurium majus (Hoffmgg. & Link) Ronniger
Centaurium malzacianum Maire
Centaurium maritimum (L.) Fritch
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce
Centaurium quadrifolium (L.)
Centaurium scilloides (L. fil.) Samp.
Centaurium serpentinicola A. Carlström
Centaurium somedanum Lainz
Centaurium suffruticosum (Griseb.) Ronniger
Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmgg. & Link) Fritsch
Centaurium turcicum (Velen.) Ronnige