Buddleja

Life-forms

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Scrophulariaceae
Tribus: Buddlejeae
Genus: Buddleja
Sectiones: B. sect. Alternifoliae – B. sect. Buddleja – B. sect. Chilianthus – B. sect. Gomphostigma – B. sect. Nicodemia – B. sect. Pulchellae – B. sect. Salviifoliae
Species: B. acuminata – B. albiflora – B. alternifolia – – B. anchoensis – B. angusticarpa – B. araucana – B. aromatica – B. asiatica – B. auriculata – B. axillaris – B. bhutanica – B. blattaria – B. bordignonii – B. brachiata – B. brachystachya – B. bullata – B. candida – B. cardenasii – B. cestriflora – B. chapalana – B. chenopodiifolia – B. colvilei – B. cordata – B. cordobensis – B. coriacea – B. corrugata – B. crispa – B. crotonoides – B. cuneata – B. curviflora – B. cuspidata – B. davidii – B. delavayi – B. diffusa – B. domingensis – B. dysophylla – B. elegans – B. euryphylla – B. fallowiana – B. filibracteolata – B. forrestii – B. fragifera – B. fusca – B. globosa – B. glomerata – B. grandiflora – B. hatschbachii – B. hieronymi – B. ibarrensis – B. incana – B. incompta – B. indica – B. interrupta – B. iresinoides – B. jamesonii – B. japonica – B. jinsixiaensis – B. kleinii – B. lanata – B. lindleyana – B. lojensis – B. longiflora – B. longifolia – B. loricata – B. macrostachya – B. madagascariensis – B. marrubiifolia – B. megalocephala – B. mendozinensis – B. microstachya – B. misionum – B. montana – B. multiceps – B. myriantha – B. nitida – B. nivea – B. normaniae – B. oblonga – B. officinalis – B. paniculata – B. parviflora – B. perfoliata – B. pichinchensis – B. polycephala – B. polystachya – B. pulchella – B. racemosa – B. ramboi – B. rinconensis – B. rufescens – B. saligna – B. salviifolia – B. scordioides – B. sessiliflora – B. simplex – B. skutchii – B. soratae – B. speciosissima – B. sphaerocalyx – B. stachyoides – B. suaveolens – B. subcapitata – B. thyrsoides – B. tubiflora – B. tucumanensis – B. utahensis – B. vexans – B. virgata – B. yunnanensisB. americana

Nothospecies: B. × alata – B. × griffithii – B. x wardii

Artificial Nothospecies: B. x pikei – B. x weyeriana
Name

Buddleja L. Sp. Pl. 1: 112. (1753)

Type species: Buddleja americana L. (1753)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Adenoplea Radlk.
Adenoplusia Radlk.
Chilianthus Burch.
Emorya Torr.
Gomphostigma Turcz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou 16: 53. (1843)
Nicodemia Ten.
Romana Vell.
Semnos Raf.
Toxina Noronha

Note: This is a view of Buddleja s.l. supported by Chau et al. (2017) & Hassler (2021) cf. Govaerts et al. (2021). However, the analyses by Chau et al. (2017) allow the segregation of Gomphostigma as sister to the rest of the Buddlejeae and as a basal lineage and therefore WS can allow its taxon page.
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 112. Reference page.
Chau, J.H., O’Leary, N., Sun, W.B. & Olmstead, R.G. 2017. Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Buddlejeae (Scrophulariaceae) based on multiple nuclear and plastid markers. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 184(2): 137-166. DOI: 10.1093/botlinnean/box018 Open access Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Buddleja. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 June 30. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Buddleja in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 June 30. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2021. Buddleja. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 30 June 2021.
International Plant Names Index. 2014. Buddleja. Published online. Accessed: March 2 2014.

Vernacular names
Aymar aru: Kiswara
azərbaycanca: Buddleya
čeština: komule
Deutsch: Sommerflieder
English: Butterfly Bush
فارسی: دم‌موشی قفائی
suomi: Syrikät
עברית: בודליה
hrvatski: Budleja
hornjoserbsce: Lětni bóz
日本語: フジウツギ属
Runa Simi: Kiswar
русский: Буддлея
slovenčina: budleja
svenska: Buddlejasläktet
Tiếng Việt: Chi Bọ chó
中文: 醉鱼草属

Buddleja (/ˈbʌdliə/; orth. var. Buddleia; also historically given as Buddlea) is a genus comprising over 140[3] species of flowering plants endemic to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The generic name bestowed by Linnaeus posthumously honoured the Reverend Adam Buddle (1662–1715), an English botanist and rector, at the suggestion of Dr. William Houstoun. Houstoun sent the first plants to become known to science as buddleja (B. americana) to England from the Caribbean about 15 years after Buddle's death.

Nomenclature

The botanic name has been the source of some confusion. By modern practice of botanical Latin, the spelling of a generic name made from 'Buddle' would be Buddleia, but Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753 and 1754 spelled it Buddleja, with the long i between two vowels, common in early modern orthography.[4] The pronunciation of the long i in Buddleja as j is a common modern error. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature has gradually changed to incorporate stricter rules about orthographic variants and as of the 2006 edition requires (article 60, particularly 60.5) that Linnaeus' spelling should be followed in this case.[5]
Classification

The genus Buddleja is now included in Scrophulariaceae, having earlier been classified under Buddlejaceae (synonym: Oftiaceae) and Loganiaceae[6]
Description

Of the approximately 140 species, nearly all are shrubs less than 5 m (16 ft) tall, but a few qualify as trees, the largest reaching 30 m (98 ft). Both evergreen and deciduous species occur, in tropical and temperate regions respectively. The leaves are lanceolate in most species, and arranged in opposite pairs on the stems (alternate in one species, B. alternifolia); they range from 1–30 cm (0.4–11.8 in) long. The flowers of the Asiatic species are mostly produced in terminal panicles 10–50 cm (4–20 in) long; the American species more commonly as cymes forming small, globose heads. Each individual flower is tubular and divided into four spreading lobes (petals) about 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) across, the corolla length ranging from around 10 mm in the Asiatics to 3–30 mm in the American species, the wider variation in the latter because some South American species have evolved long red flowers to attract hummingbirds, rather than insects, as exclusive pollinators.

The colour of the flowers varies widely, from mostly pastel pinks and blues in Asia, to vibrant yellows and reds in the New World, while many cultivars have deeper tones. The flowers are generally rich in nectar and often strongly honey-scented. The fruit is a small capsule about 1 cm (0.39 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) diameter, containing numerous small seeds; in a few species (previously classified in the separate genus Nicodemia) the capsule is soft and fleshy, forming a berry.
Distribution

The genus is found in four continents. Over 60 species are native through the New World from the southern United States south to Chile, while many other species are found in the Old World, in Africa, and parts of Asia, but all are absent as natives from Europe and Australasia. The species are divided into three groups based on their floral type: those in the New World are mostly dioecious (occasionally hermaphrodite or trioecious), while those in the Old World are exclusively hermaphrodite with perfect flowers.
Cultivation and uses

As garden shrubs buddlejas are essentially 20th-century plants, with the exception of B. globosa which was introduced to Britain from southern Chile in 1774 and disseminated from the nursery of Lee and Kennedy, Hammersmith.[7] Several species are popular garden plants, the species are commonly known as 'butterfly bushes' owing to their attractiveness to butterflies, and have become staples of the modern butterfly garden; they are also attractive to bees and moths.

The most popular cultivated species is Buddleja davidii from central China, named for the French Basque missionary and naturalist Père Armand David. Other common garden species include the aforementioned B. globosa, grown for its strongly honey-scented orange globular inflorescences, and the weeping Buddleja alternifolia. Several interspecific hybrids have been made, notably B. 'Lochinch' (B. davidii × B. fallowiana) and B. × weyeriana (B. globosa × B. davidii), the latter a cross between a South American and an Asiatic species.[8]
Budleja davidii self-sown along a railroad right-of-way at Düsseldorf, Germany (2016)

Some species commonly escape from the garden. B. davidii in particular is an extensive coloniser of dry open ground; in urban areas in the United Kingdom, it often self-sows on waste ground or old masonry, where it grows into a dense thicket. A number of agricultural organizations and governing authorities throughout the world have designated the plant as an invasive species or a "noxious weed".[9] It is frequently seen in the United Kingdom beside railway lines, on the sites of derelict factories and other buildings and, in the aftermath of World War II, on urban bomb sites.[10][11] This has earned it the popular nickname of "the bomb site plant".[11]

Popular garden cultivars include 'Royal Red' (reddish-purple flowers), 'Black Knight' (very dark purple), 'Sungold' (golden yellow), and 'Pink Delight' (pure pink). In recent years, much breeding work has been undertaken to create seed sterile cultivars (see Non-invasive Buddleja cultivars). This is a particularly important consideration in the United States, where several states have banned B. davidii and its fertile cultivars because of their invasiveness.[12] Unlike native B. davidii, some of these non-invasive cultivars are small and compact, such as 'Blue Chip', which only reaches a height of 46 cm (1.51 ft) and a width of 1.4 m (4.6 ft).[13]
Buddleja collections

In Britain, there are four National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens collections, held by:

The Lavender Garden, Ashcroft Nurseries, Kingscote, Tetbury, Glos. GL8 8YF. Tel. 01453 860356 www.thelavenderg.co.uk
Longstock Park Nursery, Longstock, Stockbridge, Hants. SO20 6EH. Tel. 01264 810894 www.longstocknursery.co.uk
Paignton Zoo, Totnes Road, Paignton, Devon TQ4 7EU. Tel. 01803 697529 www.paigntonzoo.org.uk
The Shapcott Barton Estate, East Knowstone, South Molton, Devon EX36 4EE. Tel. 01398 341664

List of Buddleja species and naturally occurring hybrids

The many species of Buddleja have been the subject of much taxonomic contention. The listing below includes the names, still prevalent in horticulture, of many former Asiatic species sunk by the late Toon Leeuwenberg as Buddleja crispa and adopted as such in the definitive Flora of China.[14][15][16]

Buddleja acuminata Poir.
Buddleja agathosma Diels
Buddleja alata Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Buddleja albiflora Hemsl.
Buddleja alternifolia Maxim.
Buddleja americana L.
Buddleja anchoensis Kuntze
Buddleja araucana Phil.
Buddleja aromatica Rémy
Buddleja asiatica Lour.
Buddleja auriculata Benth.
Buddleja axillaris Willd. ex. Roem. et Schult.
Buddleja bhutanica T. Yamaz.
Buddleja blattaria J. F. Macbr.
Buddleja brachiata Cham. & Schltdl.
Buddleja brachystachya Diels.
Buddleja bullata Kunth
Buddleja candida Dunn
Buddleja cardanesii Standl. ex E. M. Norman
Buddleja caryopteridifolia W.W. Sm.
Buddleja cestriflora Cham.
Buddleja chapalana B. L. Rob.
Buddleja chenopodiifolia Kraenzl.
Buddleja colvilei Hook.f. & Thomson
Buddleja cordata Kunth
Buddleja cordobensis Griseb.
Buddleja coriacea J.Rémy
Buddleja corrugata M. E. Jones
Buddleja crispa Benth.
Buddleja crotonoides A. Gray
Buddleja cuneata Cham.
Buddleja curviflora Hook. & Arn.
Buddleja cuspidata Baker
Buddleja davidii Franch. (Butterfly bush)
Buddleja delavayi Gagnep.
Buddleja diffusa Ruíz & Pav.
Buddleja domingensis Urb.
Buddleja dysophylla (Benth.) Radlk.
Buddleja euryphylla Standl. & Steyerm.
Buddleja fallowiana Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.
var. alba Sabourin
Buddleja farreri Balf.f & W. W. Sm.
Buddleja filibracteolata J. A. González & J. F. Morales
Buddleja forrestii Diels
Buddleja fragifera Leeuwenb.
Buddleja fusca Baker
Buddleja globosa Hope
Buddleja glomerata H. L. Wendl.
Buddleja grandiflora Cham. & Schltdl.
Buddleja hatschbachii E. M. Norman & L. B. Sm.
Buddleja hieronymi R. E. Fr.
Buddleja ibarrensis E. M. Norman
Buddleja incana Ruiz & Pav.
Buddleja indica Lam.
Buddleja interrupta Kunth.
Buddleja iresinoides (Griseb.) Hosseus
Buddleja jamesonii Benth.
Buddleja japonica Hemsl.
Buddleja jinsixiaensis R. B Zhu
Buddleja kleinii E. M. Norman & L. B. Sm.
Buddleja lanata Benth.
Buddleja limitanea W. W. Sm.
Buddleja lindleyana Fortune ex Lindl.
Buddleja lojensis E. M. Norman
Buddleja longifolia Kunth.
Buddleja longiflora Brade
Buddleja loricata Leeuwenb.
Buddleja macrostachya Wallich ex. Benth.
Buddleja madagascariensis Lam.
Buddleja marrubiifolia Benth.
Buddleja megalocephala Donn. Sm.
Buddleja mendozensis Gillies ex. Benth.
Buddleja microstachya E. D. Liu
Buddleja misionum Kraenzl.
Buddleja montana Britton
Buddleja myriantha Diels.
Buddleja nitida Benth.
Buddleja nivea Duthie
Buddleja oblonga Benth.
Buddleja officinalis Maxim.
Buddleja paniculata Wallich.
Buddleja parviflora Kunth
Buddleja perfoliata Kunth
Buddleja pichinchensis Kunth
Buddleja polycephala Kunth
Buddleja polystachya Fresen.
Buddleja pulchella N. E. Br.
Buddleja racemosa Torr.
Buddleja ramboi L. B. Sm.
Buddleja rufescens Willd. ex Schultes & Schultes
Buddleja saligna Willd.
Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam.
Buddleja scordioides Kunth
Buddleja sessiliflora Kunth
Buddleja skutchii C. V. Morton
Buddleja simplex Kraenzl.
Buddleja soratae Kraenzl.
Buddleja speciosissima Taub.
Buddleja sphaerocalyx Baker
Buddleja stachyoides Cham & Schltdl.
Buddleja stenostachya Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Buddleja sterniana A. D. Cotton
Buddleja suaveolens Kunth & Bouché
Buddleja subcapitata E. D. Liu
Buddleja tibetica W. W. Sm.
Buddleja thyrsoides Lam.
Buddleja tubiflora Benth.
Buddleja tucumanensis Griseb.
Buddleja utahensis Coville
Buddleja vexans Kraenzl. & Loes. ex E. M. Norman
Buddleja × wardii C.Marquand
Buddleja yunnanensis Gagnep.

Formerly placed here

Cephalanthus glabratus (Spreng.) K.Schum. (as B. glabrata Spreng.)

RHS Award of Garden Merit

The following Buddleja species and cultivars are (2017) holders of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

B. alternifolia
B. asiatica
B. davidii 'Black Knight'
B. davidii 'Blue Horizon'
B. davidii 'Camkeep' = Camberwell Beauty
B. davidii 'Darent Valley'
B. davidii 'Dartmoor'
B. davidii 'Monum' = Nanho Purple
B. davidii 'Monite' = Nanho White
B. davidii 'Royal Red'
B. davidii 'White Profusion'
B. fallowiana var. alba
B. globosa
B. 'Lochinch'
B. madagascariensis
B. 'Miss Ruby'
B. officinalis
B. 'Pink Delight'
B. 'West Hill'
B. × weyeriana 'Sungold'

See also

List of Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on Buddleja

Monographs
Asiatic and African species

Leeuwenberg, A. J. M. (1979) The Loganiaceae of Africa XVIII Buddleja L. II, Revision of the African & Asiatic species. H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen, Nederland.

North and South American species

Norman, E. (2000). Buddlejaceae. Flora Neotropica, Vol. 81. New York Botanical Garden, USA. ISSN 0071-5794

Cultivated species and cultivars

Stuart, D. (2006). Buddlejas. RHS Plant Collector Guide. Timber Press, Oregon, USA. ISBN 978-0-88192-688-0

References

"Buddleja L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
"Genus Buddleja L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 20 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
"Buddleja". The Plant List. Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
Linnaei, C. (1753). Species plantarum. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm.
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme van Reine, W. F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersma, J. H. & Turland, N. J., eds. (2012), International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011 (electronic ed.), Bratislava: International Association for Plant Taxonomy, retrieved 20 December 2012.
Stevens, P.F. (2001–2012), "Scrophulariaceae", Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Buddleia".
van de Weyer, William (1920). "Buddleja weyeriana". Gardeners' Chronicle. 3, 68: 181.
(1) "Buddleja davidii (butterfly bush)". Invasive Species Compendium. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
(2) "butterflybush: Buddleja davidii Franch". Invasive Plant Atlas Of The United States. October 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
(3) "Noxious Weed Pest Risk Assessment for Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii: Buddlejaceae" (PDF). Plant Pest Risk Assessment. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Agriculture: Noxious Weed Control Program. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
(4) Tallent-Halsell, Nita G.; Watt, Michael S. (September 2009). "The Invasive Buddleja davidii (Butterfly Bush)". Botanical Review. New York: Springer. 75 (3): 292–325. doi:10.1007/s12229-009-9033-0. JSTOR 40389400. S2CID 46039523. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via ResearchGate.
Gupta, Tanya (15 July 2014). "Buddleia: The plant that dominates Britain's railways". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
Moynihan, Jonathan. "Flower of the Week: Butterfly Bush". Patch. Edgewater-Davisonville, Maryland. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021. "These popular garden flowers can even survive in post-war circumstances, earning the name, "the bomb site plant.""
(1) Young-Mathews, Ann (2011). "Plant fact sheet for orange eye butterflybush (Buddleja davidii)" (PDF). Corvallis, Oregon: United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: Corvallis Plant Materials Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
(2) Hurwitz, Jane, ed. (Summer 2012). "The Great Butterfly Bush Debate" (PDF). Butterfly Gardener. North American Butterfly Association. 7 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
(3) "butterflybush: Buddleja davidii Franch". Invasive Plant Atlas Of The United States. October 2018. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
(4) "Butterfly Bush Approved Cultivars". Oregon Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
(5) "Noxious Weed Pest Risk Assessment for Butterfly Bush: Buddleja davidii: Buddlejaceae" (PDF). Plant Pest Risk Assessment. Salem, Oregon: Oregon Department of Agriculture: Noxious Weed Control Program. March 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
(6) Altland, James (January 2005). "How to keep butterfly bush from spreading noxiously". Oregon State University Extension Service. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
(1) "Buddleja plant named 'Blue Chip'". Google Patents. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.
"Buddleja". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
"GRIN Species Records of Buddleja". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
Norman, E. (2000). Buddlejaceae. Flora Neotropica, Vol. 81. New York Botanical Garden, USA.