Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Heterobranchia
Infraclassis: Euthyneura
Cohors: Tectipleura
Subcohors: Panpulmonata
Superordo: Eupulmonata
Ordo: Stylommatophora
Subordo: Helicina
Infraordo: Helicoidei
Superfamilia: Helicoidea
Familia: Helicidae
Subfamiliae (3): Ariantinae – Helicinae – Murellinae
Genera Incertae sedis (1 + 2†): Xerocincta – †Nanhaispira – †Procampylaea
Overview of genera (58 + 13)
Alabastrina – Allognathus – Amanica – Arianta – Campylaea – Campylaeopsis – Cantareus – Cattania – Caucasotachea – Causa – Cepaea – Chilostoma – Codringtonia – Corneola – Cornu – Cylindrus – Delphinatia – Dinarica – Drobacia – Erctella – Eremina – Faustina – Helicigona – Helix – Hemicycla – Hessea – Iberus – Idiomela – Isaurica – Isognomostoma – Josephinella – Kollarix – Kosicia – Lampadia – Levantina – Liburnica – Lindholmia – Macularia – Maltzanella – Marmorana – Massylaea – Maurohelix – Neocrassa – Otala – Pomatia – Pseudotachea – Pseudotrizona – Rossmaessleria – Schlickumia – Tacheocampylaea – Tacheopsis – Theba – Thiessea – Tingitana – Tyrrhenaria – Tyrrheniberus – Vidovicia – Xerocincta – †Agalactochilus – †Creneatachea – †Frechenia – †Megalotachea – †Mesodontopsis – †Metacampylaea – †Nanhaispira – †Palaeotachea – †Parachloraea – †Paradrobacia – †Procampylaea – †Pseudoklikia – †Titthodomus
Name
Helicidae Rafinesque, 1815
References
Bouaziz-Yahiatene, H., Pfarrer, B., Medjdoub-Bensaad, F. & Neubert, E. 2017. Revision of Massylaea Möllendorff, 1898 (Stylommatophora, Helicidae). ZooKeys 694: 109—133. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.694.15001. Reference page.
Bouchet, P. & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47(1-2): 269, 283.
Kneubühler, J., Hutterer, R., Pfarrer, B. & Neubert, E. 2019. Anatomical and phylogenetic investigation of the genera Alabastrina Kobelt, 1904, Siretia Pallary, 1926, and Otala Schumacher, 1817 (Stylommatophora, Helicidae). Zookeys, 843: 1–37. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.843.32867 Reference page.
Neiber, M.T. 2017. On the status of Rossmaessleria scherzeri scherzeri (Zelebor in Pfeiffer & Zelebor, 1867) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Helicidae). Zootaxa 4286(1): 116–120. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4286.1.7. Reference page.
Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme: L'Imprimerie de Jean Barravecchia. 224 pp. BHL Reference page. : 143.
Schileyko, A.A. 2013: Family Helicidae excluding Helicinae (Gastropoda Pulmonata): morphology, taxonomy, and a catalogue of taxa. Ruthenica 23(2): 127-162. Abstract and full article (PDF) Reference page.
Vernacular names
italiano: Elicidi
polski: Ślimakowate
Links
Helicidae in the World Register of Marine Species
Helicidae is a large, diverse family of small to large, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails."
A number of species in this family are valued as food items, including Cornu aspersum (formerly Helix aspersa) the brown or garden snail, and Helix pomatia the "escargot".[1] The biologies of these two species in particular have been thoroughly studied and documented.
Shell description
The shells of these snails are mostly rather globular in shape. In some genera, such as Cepaea, the shells are brightly colored and patterned.
Anatomy
The animal is capable of complete retraction within the shell. The tail is without a mucous gland or projection.[2][unreliable source?]
The mouth is always provided with a jaw, which is striate, ribbed, sulcate or plicate, sometimes composed of several imbricating pieces. The radula is composed of many transverse horizontal series of teeth, the centrals tricuspidate, about the size of the laterals, laterals bicuspid, or tricuspid with the interior cusp obsolete, marginals usually wider than high, short with two or three small cusps.[2][unreliable source?]
In the soft parts the most obvious distinction is the lack of a caudal mucous pit, and their possessing a sculptured jaw. Typically, there is a distinction in the dentition, although in some species the lateral teeth take on a pseudozonitoid appearance; even in such cases the extreme marginals in Helix remain short and very obtuse.[2][unreliable source?]
This family of snails is defined by the anatomical presence of a diverticulum. Some genera within this family create and use love darts as part of their mating behavior. These snails have one dart apparatus. The dart sac has no accessory sac, and contains two tubular glands, inserted at the base of the dart sac.
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[3]
Helicid snails for sale as food in Italy; from the front Eobania vermiculata, Cantareus apertus, and Helix sp.
Distribution
The family is native to Eurasia and belongs the Western Palearctic group.
However some species, notably Cornu aspersum, have been introduced and become established in numerous different areas worldwide.
Many accidental introductions happen because the eggs of most Helicidae are laid in the soil, and they may thus easily travel unnoticed along with landscaping plants.
Genera
Arianta arbustorum
Iberus gualtieranus alonensis
Cornu aspersum
The family Helicidae contains 3 subfamilies (according to molecular phylogenetic analyses[4][5][6]):
Subfamily Helicinae Rafinesque, 1815
In this subfamily the glands are divided. The love dart has four blades or vanes. There are usually two penial papillae.
Tribe Allognathini
Allognathus
Cepaea Held, 1838
Hemicycla
Iberus
Pseudotachea
Tribe Helicinini Rafinesque, 1815
Assyriella
Caucasotachea
Codringtonia
Helix Linnaeus, 1758 - type genus
†Megalotachea Pfeffer, 1930
Isaurica
Levantina Kobelt, 1871
Lindholmia
Maltzanella* :Neocrassa
Tyrrhenaria
Xeroleuca Kobelt, 1877
Tribe Otalini
Cantareus Risso, 1826
Cornu Born, 1778
Eobania P. Hesse, 1913
Massylaea Möllendorff, 1898
Otala Schumacher, 1817
Rossmaessleria
Tribe Thebini
Theba Risso, 1826
A 2022 phylogenetic analysis proposed that all groups of the Maghreb radiation belonged to a single tribe, Thebini, without support for a separate Otalini tribe.[7] The same study proposed a new tribe, Maculariini trib. nov. containing the genus Macularia due to the wide geographic disjunction between the western Alpine Macularia and the primarily Maghrebian Thebini tribe.[7]
Subfamily Murellinae
Tribe Murellini Hesse, 1918
Macularia Albers, 1850
Marmorana W. Hartmann, 1844 - This genus might actually belong to the subfamily Ariantinae and not to the subfamily Helicinae, as has been assumed until now.[8]
Tacheocampylaea
Tyrrheniberus
Subfamily Ariantinae Mörch, 1864
In this subfamily the glands are divided or undivided. The love darts contain two to four blades. There is only one penial papilla.
Arianta Turton, 1831
Campylaea H. Beck, 1837
Campylaeopsis A.J. Wagner, 1914
Cattania Brusina, 1904
Causa Schileyko, 1971
Chilostoma Fitzinger, 1833
Corneola Held, 1838
Cylindrus Fitzinger, 1833
Delphinatia P. Hesse, 1931
Dinarica Kobelt, 1902
Drobacia Brusina, 1904
Faustina Kobelt, 1904
Helicigona A. Férussac, 1821
Isognomostoma Fitzinger, 1833
Josephinella F. Haas, 1936
Kollarix Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016
Kosicia Brusina, 1904
Liburnica Kobelt, 1904
Mesodontopsis Pilsbry, 1895 †
Metacampylaea Pilsbry, 1895 †
Paradrobacia H. Nordsieck, 2014 †
Pseudoklikia H. Nordsieck, 2018 †
Pseudotrizona Groenenberg, Subai & E. Gittenberger, 2016
Thiessea Kobelt, 1904
Vidovicia Brusina, 1904
†Pseudochloritis C. R. Boettger, 1909[9]
Incertae sedis
Idiomela T. Cockerell, 1921
Lampadia
References
M.P. Kerney & R.A.D. Cameron. 1979. A field guide to the land snails of Britain and northwestern Europe. Collins, London.
Tryon G. W. 1887 Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae - Volume I. page 3–4.
Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
Korábek, Ondřej; Petrusek, Adam; Neubert, Eike; Juřičková, Lucie (2015-05-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the genus Helix (Pulmonata: Helicidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 44 (3): 263–280. doi:10.1111/zsc.12101. ISSN 1463-6409. S2CID 84673484.
Razkin, Oihana; Gómez-Moliner, Benjamín Juán; Prieto, Carlos Enrique; Martínez-Ortí, Alberto; Arrébola, José Ramón; Muñoz, Benito; Chueca, Luis Javier; Madeira, María José (2015-02-01). "Molecular phylogeny of the western Palaearctic Helicoidea (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 83: 99–117. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.11.014. PMID 25485783.
Neiber, Marco T.; Hausdorf, Bernhard (2015-12-01). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the polyphyly of the snail genus Cepaea (Gastropoda: Helicidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.022. PMID 26256642.
Marco T Neiber; Ondřej Korábek; Matthias Glaubrecht; Bernhard Hausdorf (2022). "A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail Gyrostomella (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 194 (4): 1236–1251. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab059.
Nordsieck H. (2006). Higher classification of Helicoidea and the molecular analyses of their phylogeny. hnords.de Archived 2012-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed 20/06/12
Höltke, Olaf; Rasser, Michael W (2015). "Pseudochloritis insignis–a peculiar large land-snail from the Miocene of SW Germany: taxonomic status and census of morphologically related forms". Journal of Conchology. 42 (1): 1.
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