Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Otomorpha
Subcohors: Ostariophysi
Sectio: Otophysa
Ordo: Cypriniformes
Subordo: Cyprinoidei
Familia: Cyprinidae
Subfamiliae (10): Acrossocheilinae - Barbinae – Cyprininae – Labeoninae – Probarbinae – Schizopygopsinae – Schizothoracinae – Smiliogastrinae – Spinibarbinae – Torinae
Genera incertae sedis: †Ecocarpia – †Planktophaga
Name
Cyprinidae Rafinesque, 1815
Type genus: Cyprinus Linnaeus, 1758
References
Baumsteiger, J. & Moyle, P.B. 2019. A reappraisal of the California Roach/Hitch (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Hesperoleucus/Lavinia) species complex. Zootaxa 4543(2): 221–240. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4543.2.3 Open access pdf Reference page.
Knight, J.D.M., Rai, A. & D’souza, R.K.P. 2013. On the identities of Barbus mussullah Sykes and Cyprinus curmuca Hamilton with notes on the status of Gobio canarensis Jerdon (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3750(3): 201–215. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3750.3.1 Paywall. Reference page.
Gilbert, C.R., Mayden, R.L. & Powers, S.L. 2017. Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species. Zootaxa 4247(5): 501–555. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4247.5.1 Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Liao, T.-Y. & Heok, H.-T. 2011. Brevibora cheeya, a new species of cyprinid fish from Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 59(1): 77–82. PDF.
Pethiyagoda, R. 2013. Haludaria, a replacement generic name for Dravidia (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3646(2): 199–199. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.2.9 Open access Reference page.
Rafinesque, C.S. 1815. Analyse de la nature, ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme: L'Imprimerie de Jean Barravecchia. 224 pp. BHL Reference page.
Tang, K.L., Agnew, M.K., Hirt, M.V., Lumbantobing, D.N., Raley, M.E., Sado, T., Teoh, V.-H., Yang, L., Bart, H.L., Harris, P.M., He, S., Miya, M., Saitoh, K., Simons, A.M., Wood, R.M. & Mayden, R.L. 2013. Limits and phylogenetic relationships of East Asian fishes in the subfamily Oxygastrinae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 3681(2): 101–135. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3681.2.1 Reference page.
Tan, M. & Armbruster, J.W. 2018. Phylogenetic classification of extant genera of fishes of the order Cypriniformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Pp 6–39 In Page, L.M., Chen, W-J. & Ciccotto, P.J. (eds.) Papers on fishes of Asia, including those presented at international conferences of the Asian Society of Ichthyologists in Taipei, Taiwan in 2016, and in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2017. Zootaxa 4476(1): 1–181. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.1 Reference page. . DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4476.1.4 Open access full article pdf Reference page.
Tao, W., Mayden, R.L. & He, S. 2012. Remarkable Phylogenetic Resolution of the Most Complex Clade of Cyprinidae (Teleostei: Cypriniformes): A Proof of Concept of Homology Assessment and Partitioning Sequence Data Integrated with Mixed Model Bayesian Analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Available online 5 October 2012, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.09.024
Additional references
Adeoba, M.I., Kabongo, R., van der Bank, H. & Yessoufou, K. 2018. Re-evaluation of the discriminatory power of DNA barcoding on some specimens of African Cyprinidae (subfamilies Cyprininae and Danioninae). ZooKeys 746: 105–121. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.746.13502. Reference page.
Adeoba, M.I. & Yessoufou, K. 2018. Analysis of temporal diversification of African Cyprinidae (Teleostei, Cypriniformes). Zookeys, 806: 141–161. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.806.25844 Reference page.
Ciccotto, P.J. & Page, L.M. 2017. Comment on “On Gonorynchus, Gonorhynchus, Gonorinchus, Gonorhinchus, and Gonorrhynchus, and some other names of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Gonorhynchidae and Cyprinidae)” by Kottelat (2016). Zootaxa 4226(3): 447–448. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.3.8. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Echelle, A.A., Lang, N.J., Borden, W.C., Schwemm, M.R., Hoagstrom, C.W., Eisenhour, D.J., Mayden, R.L. & Van Den Bussche, R.A. 2018. Molecular systematics of the North American chub genus Macrhybopsis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 4375(4): 537–554. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4375.4.4 Reference page.
Ito, T., Fukuda, T., Morimune, T. & Hosoya, K. 2017. Evolution of the connection patterns of the cephalic lateral line canal system and its use to diagnose opsariichthyin cyprinid fishes (Teleostei, Cyprinidae). ZooKeys 718: 115—131. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.718.13574. Reference page.
Kottelat, M. 2016. On Gonorynchus, Gonorhynchus, Gonorinchus, Gonorhinchus and Gonorrhynchus, and some other names of labeonine fishes (Teleostei: Gonorynchidae and Cyprinidae). Zootaxa 4178(3): 443–450. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4178.3.8 Reference page.
Links
Cyprinidae and its species in FishBase,
Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) 2024. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, www.fishbase.org, version 02/2024.
Genera of Cyprinidae (including synonyms) in Catalog of Fishes, Eschmeyer, W.N., Fricke, R. & van der Laan, R. (eds.) 2024. Catalog of Fishes electronic version.
Cyprinidae – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Cyprinidae – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
Boarisch: Karpfmfiesch
беларуская: Карпавыя
čeština: kaprovití
Deutsch: Karpfenfische
Esperanto: ciprinedoj
eesti: Karplased
français: Cyprinidés
magyar: Pontyfélék
հայերեն: Ծածանաձկներ
日本語: コイ科
한국어: 잉어과
latviešu: Karpu dzimta
македонски: Крапови
polski: Karpiowate
русский: Карповые
ไทย: วงศ์ปลาตะเพียน
Türkçe: Sazangiller
українська: Коропові
中文: 鲤科
Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera.[1][2] Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis).[3] By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes.[1][2][4] The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos (κυπρῖνος 'carp').
Biology and ecology
Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric, fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against a chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull. The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves.
Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ, three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of the gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut.
Giant barbs (Catlocarpio siamensis) are the largest members of this family.
Cyprinids are native to North America, Africa, and Eurasia. The largest known cyprinid is the giant barb (Catlocarpio siamensis), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight.[3] Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are the golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and mangar (Luciobarbus esocinus).[5][6] The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length.[7] Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish is Paedocypris progenetica, reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest.[8]
All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs, where the young develop until able to fend for themselves.
Cyprinids contain the first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex.[9]
Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation, probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp, are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd, prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as the moderlieschen, are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances.
Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp, are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase, eat algae and biofilms, while others, such as the black carp, specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp, are specialized filter feeders. For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as a management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails.
Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance.
Relationship with humans
Wild capture of cyprinids by species in million tonnes, 1950–2009, as reported by the FAO[10]
Food
Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia. In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often the major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing, for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason.[11]
Sport
Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength.
As pest control
Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) are the most important of these, for example in Florida.
As a pest species
Carp in particular can stir up sediment, reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult.[12][13]
In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin, they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment.
Cyprinus carpio is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin, they constitute 80-90 per cent of fish biomass.[14]
In 2016 the federal government announced A$15.2 million to fund the National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment,[15][16][17] in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish.[18]
Aquarium fish
Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within the aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish, which was bred in China from the Prussian carp (Carassius (auratus) gibelio). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150 AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan. In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi (錦鯉), as koi (鯉) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from the 18th century until today.
Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins, rasborines and true barbs.[19] Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia, and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria.[citation needed] Some of the most popular cyprinids among aquarists, other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb, Harlequin rasbora, pearl danios, rainbow sharks, tiger barbs, and the White Cloud Mountain minnow.
One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish (Danio rerio). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates, in particular fish.[20]
Threatened families
Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced the wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct. In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
Systematics
The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example, the Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis, too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty.[21][22][23]
Part of the solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche, or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family.[22]
The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like the Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps (Hypophthalmichthyinae) with Xenocypris, though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae.[22]
The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of the Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African "barbs" do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps (Cyprinus) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such a radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature.[21][24]
The tench (Tinca tinca), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron 1 supports the view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris, Hemigrammocypris, and Yaoshanicus. They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene, when their divergence presumably occurred.[23]
A DNA-based analysis of these fish places the Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae.[25] The subfamilies Acheilognathinae, Gobioninae, and Leuciscinae are monophyletic.
Subfamilies and genera
Rainbow shark, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum, a somewhat aggressive aquarium fish
Acheilognathus longipinnis: Acheilognathinae
Blue danio, Danio kerri: Danioninae
Pseudogobio esocinus , Gobioninae
Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix: Xenocyprinae, alternatively Hypophthalmichthyinae
Rohu, Labeo rohita, of the disputed Labeoninae
The tench, Tinca tinca, is of unclear affiliations and often placed in a subfamily of its own.
The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies:[26]
Subfamily Acheilognathinae
Acanthorhodeus (Khanka spiny bitterling)
Acheilognathus (bitterlings)
Rhodeus (bitterlings)
Tanakia (bitterlings)
Subfamily Alburninae
Alburnoides
Alburnus (bleaks)
Aspiolucius (pike asp)
Metzia
Subfamily Barbinae
Acrossocheilus
Anchicyclocheilus
Aulopyge (Dalmatian barbelgudgeon)
Balantiocheilos
Barbus (typical barbels and barbs)
Carasobarbus
Clypeobarbus
Dawkinsia [27]
Desmopuntius [28]
Diptychus
Haludaria [29]
†Hsianwenia[30]
Kalimantania
Luciobarbus
Mesopotamichthys
Neobarynotus
Oliotius [28]
Oreichthys
Pethia [27]
Puntigrus [28]
Puntius (spotted barbs)
Sahyadria
Schizopyge (snowtrouts)
Schizothorax (snowtrouts)
Sinocyclocheilus (golden-line fish)
Striuntius [28]
Systomus
Subfamily Cultrinae
Anabarilius
Chanodichthys
Culter
Cultrichthys
Hainania
Hemiculter (sharpbellies)
Ischikauia
Megalobrama
Parabramis (white Amur bream)
Paralaubuca
Pseudohemiculter
Pseudolaubuca
Sinibrama
Toxabramis
Subfamily Cyprininae
Barboides
Barbonymus (tinfoil barbs)
Capoeta (khramulyas)
Carassioides
Carassius (Crucian carps and goldfish)
Cyprinus (typical carps)
Eechathalakenda
Gymnocypris
Paracapoeta
Subfamily Danioninae
Amblypharyngodon (carplets)
Aspidoparia
Barilius
Betadevario
Boraras (rasboras)
Cabdio
Chelaethiops
Chela
Danio (danios)
Danionella
Devario
Esomus (flying barbs)
Engraulicypris
Fangfangia [31]
Horadandia
Inlecypris
Laubuka
Leptocypris
Luciosoma
Malayochela
Microdevario
Microrasbora
Nematabramis
Neobola
Opsaridium
Opsarius
Paedocypris
Pectenocypris
Raiamas
Rasbora
Rasboroides
Rasbosoma (dwarf scissortail rasbora)
Rastrineobola (silver cyprinid)
Salmostoma (razorbelly minnows)
Securicula
Sundadanio
Trigonopoma
Trigonostigma
Subfamily Gobioninae
Abbottina (false gudgeons)
Belligobio
Biwia
Coreius
Coreoleuciscus
Gnathopogon
Gobio (typical gudgeons)
Gobiobotia
Gobiocypris
Hemibarbus (steeds)
Huigobio
Ladislavia
Mesogobio
Microphysogobio
Paracanthobrama
Paraleucogobio
Parasqualidus
Platysmacheilus
Pseudogobio
Pseudopungtungia
Pseudorasbora
Pungtungia
Rhinogobio
Romanogobio
Sarcocheilichthys
Saurogobio
Squalidus
Xenophysogobio
Subfamily Labeoninae
Bangana
Brevibora
Cirrhinus (mud carps)
Cophecheilus
Crossocheilus
Discocheilus
Discogobio
Discolabeo
Garra
Henicorhynchus
Horalabiosa
Hongshuia
Labeo (labeos)
Labeobarbus (yellowfish)
Labiobarbus
Longanalus
Osteochilichthys
Osteochilus
Paraqianlabeo [32]
Parasinilabeo
Placocheilus
Protolabeo
Pseudocrossocheilus
Pseudogyrinocheilus
Ptychidio
Qianlabeo
Rectoris
Semilabeo
Sinigarra [33]
Sinilabeo
Sinocrossocheilus
Stenorynchoacrum [34]
Tariqilabeo
Vinagarra
Vinalabeo [35]
Subfamily Leptobarbinae
Leptobarbus
Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
Sailfin shiner, Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow related to some North American daces
Sarmarutilus rubilio, a European roach
Subfamily Leuciscinae
Abramis (common bream)
Acanthobrama (bleaks)
Achondrostoma
Anaecypris
Acrocheilus (chiselmouth)
Agosia (longfin dace)
Algansea (Mexican chubs)
Aztecula (Aztec chub)
Ballerus (breams)
Blicca (silver bream)
Campostoma (stonerollers)
Chondrostoma (typical nases)
Chrosomus (typical daces)
Clinostomus (redside daces)
Codoma (ornate shiner)
Coreoleuciscus (Korean splendid dace)
Couesius (lake chub)
Cyprinella (satinfin shiners)
Delminichthys
Dionda (desert minnows)
Eremichthys (desert dace)
Ericymba (longjaw minnows)
Erimystax (slender chubs)
†Evarra (Mexican daces)
Exoglossum (cutlips minnows)
Gila (western chubs)
Hemitremia (flame chub)
Hesperoleucus (California roach)
Hybognathus (silvery minnows)
Hybopsis (bigeye chubs)
Iberochondrostoma
Iberocypris
Iotichthys (least chub)
Kottelatia
Ladigesocypris
Lavinia (hitch)
Lepidomeda (spinedaces)
Leucalburnus
Leucaspius (moderlieschen)
Leuciscus (Eurasian daces)
Leucos [36]
Luxilus (highscale shiners)
Lythrurus (finescale shiners)
Macrhybopsis (blacktail chubs)
Margariscus (pearl daces)
Meda (pikedace)
Moapa (moapa dace)
Mylocheilus (peamouth)
Mylopharodon (hardhead)
Nocomis (hornyhead chubs)
Notemigonus (golden shiner)
Notropis (eastern shiners)
Opsopoeodus (pugnose minnow)
Oregonichthys (Oregon chubs)
Orthodon (Sacramento blackfish)
Pachychilon
Parachondrostoma
Pararhinichthys (cheat minnow)
Pelasgus
Pelecus (sabre carp)
Petroleuciscus (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces)
Phenacobius (suckermouth minnows)
Phoxinellus
Phoxinus (Eurasian minnows and daces)
Pimephales (bluntnose minnows)
Plagopterus (woundfin)
Platygobio (flathead chub)
Pogonichthys (splittails)
Protochondrostoma (South European nase)
Pseudochondrostoma
Pseudophoxinus
Pteronotropis (flagfin shiners)
Ptychocheilus (pikeminnows)
Relictus (relict dace)
Rhinichthys (riffle daces, loach minnows) (including Tiaroga)
Rhynchocypris (Eurasian minnows)
Richardsonius (redside shiners)
Rutilus (roaches)
Sarmarutilus [36]
Scardinius (rudds)
Semotilus (creek chubs)
Siphateles
Snyderichthys (spinedaces)
Squalius (European chubs)
†Stypodon (stumptooth minnow)
Tampichthys
Telestes
Tribolodon
Tropidophoxinellus
Vimba (Vimbas)
Yuriria
Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae
Subfamily Squaliobarbinae
Ctenopharyngodon (grass carp)
Mylopharyngodon (black carp)
Squaliobarbus
Subfamily Xenocyprinae
Distoechodon
Hypophthalmichthys (bighead carps)
Plagiognathops
Pseudobrama
Xenocypris
Incertae sedis
Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.
Aaptosyax (giant salmon carp)
Acanthalburnus (bleaks)
Acanthogobio
Acapoeta
Albulichthys
Amblyrhynchichthys
Ancherythroculter
Aphyocypris
Araiocypris
Aspiorhynchus
Atrilinea
Barbichthys
Barbopsis (Somalian blind barb)
Caecobarbus (Congo blind barb)
Caecocypris
Candidia
Capoetobrama
Catlocarpio
Chagunius
Chuanchia
Coptostomabarbus
Cosmochilus
Cyclocheilichthys
Cyprinion
Diplocheilichthys
Discherodontus
Eirmotus
Elopichthys
Epalzeorhynchos
Folifer
Gibelion (catla) (some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus Catla)
Gymnodanio
Gymnodiptychus
Hampala
Hemiculterella
Hemigrammocypris (close to Aphyocypris?)
Herzensteinia
Hypselobarbus
Hypsibarbus
Laocypris
Lepidopygopsis
Linichthys
Lobocheilos
Longiculter
Luciobrama
Luciocyprinus
Macrochirichthys (long pectoral-fin minnow)
Megarasbora
Mekongina
Metzia
Mystacoleucus
Naziritor (Zhobi mahseers)
Neolissochilus (mahseers)
Nipponocypris
Ochetobius
Onychostoma
Opsariichthys
Oreoleuciscus
Osteobrama
Oxygaster
Oxygymnocypris
Parachela
Paracrossochilus
Parapsilorhynchus
Parasikukia
Paraspinibarbus
Parator
Parazacco
Percocypris
Phreatichthys (Somalian cavefish)
Placogobio
Platypharodon
Pogobrama
Poropuntius
Probarbus
Procypris
Prolabeo
Prolabeops
Pseudaspius
Ptychobarbus
Puntioplites
Rasborichthys
Rohtee (Vatani rohtee)
Rohteichthys
Sanagia
Sawbwa (Sawbwa barb)
Scaphiodonichthys
Scaphognathops
Scardinius (rudds)
Schismatorhynchos
Schizocypris (snowtrouts)
Schizopygopsis (snowtrouts)
Semiplotus
Sikukia
Spinibarbus
Thryssocypris
Thynnichthys
Tor (mahseers)
Troglocyclocheilus
Tropidophoxinellus
Typhlobarbus
Typhlogarra (Iraq blind barb)
Xenobarbus
Xenocyprioides
Zacco
With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information is discovered, for example:[37]
Phylogeny
Phylogeny of living Cyprinoidei[37][38] with clade names from van der Laan 2017.[39]
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Subfamily Probarbinae
Catlocarpio
Probarbus
Subfamily Labeoninae
Tribe Parapsilorhynchini
Diplocheilichthys
Neorohita
Parapsilorhynchus
Longanalus
Protolabeo
Sinilabeo
Tribe Labeonini
Bangana
Cirrhinus (mud carps)
Decorus[40]
Gymnostomus
Incisilabeo
Labeo (labeos)
Speolabeo
Schismatorhynchos
Tribe Garrini
Garra
Paracrossocheilus
Tariqilabeo
Osteochilus clade
Barbichthys
Crossocheilus
Epalzeorhynchos
Henicorhynchus
Labiobarbus
Lobocheilos
Osteochilus
Thynnichthys
Semilabeo clade
Ageneiogarra
Altigena
Cophecheilus
Discogobio
Hongshuia
Linichthys
Mekongina
Paraqianlabeo [32]
Parasinilabeo
Placocheilus
Prolixicheilus
Pseudocrossocheilus
Pseudogyrinocheilus
Ptychidio
Qianlabeo
Rectoris
Semilabeo
Sinigarra [41]
Sinocrossocheilus
Stenorynchoacrum [34]
Subfamily Torinae
Tribe Torini[42]
Arabibarbus [43]
Carasobarbus
Labeobarbus (yellowfish)
Mesopotamichthys
Pterocapoeta
Acapoeta
Barbopsis (Somalian blind barb)
Hypselobarbus
Lepidopygopsis
Naziritor (Zhobi mahseers)
Neolissochilus (mahseers)
Osteochilichthys
Pterocapoeta
Sanagia
Tor (mahseers)
Subfamily Smiliogastrinae
Tribe Smiliogastrini[44]
Amatolacypris
Cheilobarbus
Enteromius (African barbs)
Namaquacypris
Pseudobarbus (redfins)
Sedercypris (Cedarberg redfins)
Barboides
Caecobarbus (Congo blind barb)
Chagunius
Clypeobarbus
Coptostomabarbus
Dawkinsia [27]
Desmopuntius [28]
Eechathalakenda
Enteromius
Haludaria [45]
Hampala
Oliotius [28]
Oreichthys
Osteobrama
Pethia [27]
Prolabeo
Prolabeops
Puntigrus [28]
Puntius (spotted barbs)
Rohtee (Vatani rohtee)
Sahyadria
Striuntius [28]
Systomus
Waikhomia
Xenobarbus
Subfamily Cyprininae [incl. Barbinae]
Tribe Cyprinini
Aaptosyax (giant salmon carp)
Carassioides
Carassius (Crucian carps and goldfish)
Cyprinus (typical carps)
Luciocyprinus
Paraspinibarbus
Parator
Procypris
Pseudosinocyclocheilus
Sinibarbus
Sinocyclocheilus (golden-line fish)
Typhlobarbus
Tribe Rohteichthyini
Albulichthys
Amblyrhynchichthys
Anematichthys
Balantiocheilos
Barbonymus (tinfoil barbs)
Cosmochilus
Cyclocheilichthys
Cyclocheilos
Discherodontus
Eirmotus
Hypsibarbus
Kalimantania
Laocypris
Mystacoleucus
Parasikukia
Poropuntius
Puntioplites
Rohteichthys
Sawbwa (Sawbwa barb)
Scaphognathops
Sikukia
Troglocyclocheilus
Tribe Acrossocheilini
Acrossocheilus
Folifer
Onychostoma
Tribe Spinibarbini
Spinibarbus
Spinibarbichthys
Tribe Schizothoracini
Aspiorhynchus
Percocypris
Schizopyge (snowtrouts)
Schizothorax (snowtrouts)
Tribe Schizopygopsini
Chuanchia
Diptychus
Gymnocypris
Gymnodiptychus
Oreinus
Oxygymnocypris
Platypharodon
Ptychobarbus
Schizopygopsis (snowtrouts)
Tribe Barbini
Aulopyge (Dalmatian barbelgudgeon)
Barbus (typical barbels)
Barbodes
†Hsianwenia[30]
Caecocypris
Capoeta (khramulyas)
Cyprinion
Kantaka
Luciobarbus
Scaphiodonichthys
Schizocypris (snowtrouts)
Semiplotus
Subfamily Danioninae
Tribe Paedocypridini
Paedocypris
Tribe Sundadanionini
Fangfangia [31]
Sundadanio
Tribe Rasborini
Amblypharyngodon (carplets)
Boraras (rasboras)
Brevibora
Horadandia
Kottelatia
Pectenocypris
Rasbora
Rasboroides
Rasbosoma (dwarf scissortail rasbora)
Trigonopoma
Trigonostigma
Tribe Danionini
Betadevario
Brachydanio
Celestichthys
Chela
Danio (danios)
Danionella
Devario
Inlecypris
Laubuka
Microdevario
Microrasbora
Tribe Chedrini
Barilius
Bengala
Cabdio [Aspidoparia]
Chelaethiops
Engraulicypris
Esomus (flying barbs)
Leptocypris
Luciosoma
Malayochela
Nematabramis
Neobola
Opsaridium
Opsarius
Raiamas
Rastrineobola (silver cyprinid)
Salmostoma (razorbelly minnows)
Securicula
Thryssocypris
Subfamily Leptobarbinae
Leptobarbus
Flame chub Hemitremia flammea, one of the chubs in the Leuciscinae)
Ide, Leuciscus idus , one of the Eurasian daces
Sailfin shiner, Notropis hypselopterus, a small and colorful shiner of the Leuciscinae
Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, a minnow related to some North American daces
Sarmarutilus rubilio, a European roach
Trigonostigma somphongsi, a rasbora, a relative of the blue danio above
Black carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus: Squaliobarbinae
Subfamily Xenocypridinae [incl. Cultrinae & Squaliobarbinae]
Tribe Squaliobarbini
Squaliobarbus
Tribe Opsariichthyini
Candidia
Nipponocypris
Opsariichthys
Parazacco
Xenocyprioides
Tribe Oxygastrini
Aphyocypris
Araiocypris
Gymnodanio
Hemigrammocypris
Macrochirichthys (long pectoral-fin minnow)
Metzia
Oxygaster
Parachela
Paralaubuca
Rasborichthys
Tribe Hypophthalmichthyini
Atrilinea
Ctenopharyngodon (grass carp)
Elopichthys
Hypophthalmichthys (bighead carps)
Luciobrama
Mylopharyngodon (black carp)
Ochetobius
Tribe Xenocypridini
Subtribe Xenocypridina
Distoechodon
Plagiognathops
Pseudobrama
Xenocypris
Subtribe Cultrina
Anabarilius
Chanodichthys
Culter
Ischikauia
Longiculter
Megalobrama
Parabramis (white Amur bream)
Pogobrama
Sinibrama
Hemiculter clade
Hainania
Hemiculter (sharpbellies)
Pseudohemiculter
Pseudolaubuca
Toxabramis
Subfamily Tincinae
Tinca
Subfamily Acheilognathinae (bitterlings)
?Acanthorhodeus (Khanka spiny bitterling)
Acheilognathus
Paratanakia
Pseudorhodeus
Rhodeus
Tanakia
Subfamily Gobioninae
Hemibarbus-Squalidus clade
Belligobio
Hemibarbus (steeds)
Squalidus
Tribe Gobionini [46]
Subtribe Gobiobotiina
Gobiobotia
Xenophysogobio
Subtribe Gobionina
Gobio (typical gudgeons)
Mesogobio
Romanogobio
Acanthogobio
Subtribe Armatogobionina
Abbottina (false gudgeons)
Biwia
?Huigobio
Microphysogobio
Platysmacheilus
Pseudogobio
Saurogobio
Tribe Sarcocheilichthyini
Coreius
Coreoleuciscus (Korean splendid dace)
Gnathopogon
Gobiocypris
Ladislavia
Paracanthobrama
Paraleucogobio
?Parasqualidus
Pseudopungtungia
Pseudorasbora
Pungtungia
Rhinogobio
Sarcocheilichthys
Subfamily Tanichthyinae
Tanichthys
Subfamily Leuciscinae [incl. Alburninae]
Tribe Phoxinini
Oreoleuciscus
Phoxinus (Eurasian minnows and daces)
Pseudaspius
Tribe Laviniini
Subtribe Chrosomina
Chrosomus (typical daces)
Subtribe Laviniina
Eremichthys (desert dace)
Gila (western chubs)
Hesperoleucus (California roach)
Klamathella
Lavinia (hitch)
Mylopharodon (hardhead)
Orthodon (Sacramento blackfish)
Ptychocheilus (pikeminnows)
Relictus (relict dace)
Siphateles
Tribe Leuciscini
Pachychilon clade
Pachychilon
Alburnoides clade
Alburnoides
Primitive Leuciscine clade
Delminichthys
Leucalburnus
Notemigonus (golden shiner)
Pelasgus
Subtribe Leuciscina
Aspiolucius (pike asp)
Leuciscus (Eurasian daces)
Pelecus (sabre carp)
Subtribe Abramina
Abramis (common bream)
Acanthobrama (bleaks)
Capoetobrama
Mirogrex
Vimba (Vimbas)
Subtribe Chondrostomina
Achondrostoma
Alburnus (bleaks)
Anaecypris
Chondrostoma (typical nases)
Iberochondrostoma
Leucaspius (moderlieschen)
Leucos [36]
Parachondrostoma
Petroleuciscus (Ponto-Caspian chubs and daces)
Phoxinellus
Protochondrostoma (South European nase)
Pseudochondrostoma
Pseudophoxinus
Rutilus (roaches)
Sarmarutilus [36]
Scardinius (rudds)
Squalius (European chubs)
Telestes
Tropidophoxinellus
Tribe Plagiopterini
Couesius (lake chub)
Hemitremia (flame chub)
Lepidomeda (spinedaces)
Margariscus (pearl daces)
Meda (pikedace)
Plagopterus (woundfin)
Rhynchocypris (Eurasian minnows)
Semotilus (creek chubs)
†Stypodon (stumptooth minnow)
Tribe Pogonichthyini
Subtribe Pogonichthyina
Clinostomus (redside daces)
Iotichthys (least chub)
Mylocheilus (peamouth)
Pogonichthys (splittails)
Richardsonius (redside shiners)
Subtribe Exoglossina
Exoglossum (cutlips minnows)
Oregonichthys (Oregon chubs)
Pararhinichthys (cheat minnow)
Rhinichthys (riffle daces, loach minnows)
Tiaroga
Subtribe Campostomina
Campostoma (stonerollers)
Nocomis (hornyhead chubs)
Subtribe Hybognathina
Agosia (longfin dace)
Alburnops
Algansea (Mexican chubs)
?Aztecula (Aztec chub)
Codoma (ornate shiner)
Cyprinella (satinfin shiners)
Dionda (desert minnows)
?Ericymba (longjaw minnows)
Erimonax
Erimystax (slender chubs)
†Evarra (Mexican daces)
Graodus
Hudsonius
Hybognathus (silvery minnows)
Hybopsis (bigeye chubs)
?Iberocypris
?Ladigesocypris
Luxilus (highscale shiners)
Lythrurus (finescale shiners)
Macrhybopsis (blacktail chubs)
Miniellus
?Moapa (moapa dace)
Notropis (eastern shiners)
Opsopoeodus (pugnose minnow)
Phenacobius (suckermouth minnows)
Pimephales (bluntnose minnows)
Platygobio (flathead chub)
Pteronotropis (flagfin shiners)
?Snyderichthys (spinedaces)
Tampichthys
?Tribolodon
?Yuriria
Incertae sedis
Hemigrammocypris rasborella, of uncertain relationship:
Possibly related to Aphyocypris.
Acanthalburnus (bleaks)
Acrocheilus (chiselmouth)
Ancherythroculter
Anchicyclocheilus
Gibelion (catla) (some authorities consider this species to belong in the genus Catla)
Cultrichthys
Discocheilus
Discolabeo
Hemiculterella
Herzensteinia
Horalabiosa
Megarasbora
Neobarynotus
Paracrossochilus
Phreatichthys (Somalian cavefish)
Placogobio
Scardinius (rudds)
Tropidophoxinellus
Typhlogarra (Iraq blind barb)
Zacco
See also
List of fish families
References
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