Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Holostei - Teleostei
Cladus: †Halecostomi
Ordines inc. sedis: †Aspidorhynchiformes - †Macrosemiiformes - †Peltopleuriformes - †Pycnodontiformes - †Scanilepiformes
Familia inc. sedis: †Venusichthyidae
Genera inc. sedis: †Ducanichthys – †Marcopoloichthys
Name
Neopterygii Regan, 1923
References
Bertaco, V.A., Ferrer, J., Carvalho, F.R. & Malabarba, L.R. 2016. Inventory of the freshwater fishes from a densely collected area in South America —a case study of the current knowledge of Neotropical fish diversity. Zootaxa 4138(3): 401–440. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4138.3.1 Reference page.
Betancur-R., R., Broughton, R.E., Wiley, E.O., Carpenter, K., López, J.A., Li, C., Holcroft, N.I., Arcila, D., Sanciangco, M., Cureton II, J.C., Zhang, F., Buser, T., Campbell, M.A., Ballesteros, J.A., Roa-Varon, A., Willis, S., Borden, W.C., Rowley, T., Reneau, P.C., Hough, D.J., Lu, G., Grande, T., Arratia, G. & Ortí, G. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLOS Currents Tree of Life 2013 Apr 18: 1–45, downloadable Appendix 2 (new classification): 1–21, and downloadable Figure S1 (complete cladogram with annotated classification). DOI: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 [nonfunctional] Broken access. PDF.. Reference page.
Vernacular names
čeština: Kostnatí
Deutsch: Neuflosser
suomi: Uusviuhkaeväiset
français: Néoptérygiens
magyar: Újúszójúak
日本語: 新鰭亜綱
македонски: Новоперки
polski: nowopłetwe
українська: Новопері
中文: 新鳍亚纲
Neopterygii (from Greek νέος neos 'new' and πτέρυξ pteryx 'fin') is a subclass of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Neopterygii includes the Holostei and the Teleostei, of which the latter comprise the vast majority of extant fishes, and over half of all living vertebrate species.[2] While living holosteans include only freshwater taxa, teleosts are diverse in both freshwater and marine environments. Many new species of teleosts are scientifically described each year.[2]
The potentially oldest known neopterygian is the putative "semionotiform" Acentrophorus varians from the Middle Permian of Russia;[3][4] however, one study incorporating morphological data from fossils and molecular data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, places this divergence date at least 284 mya (million years ago), during the Artinskian stage of the Early Permian.[5] Another study suggests an even earlier split (360 myr ago, near the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary).[6]
| Vertebrates |
|
(118 living species: hagfish, lampreys)
(>1,100 living species: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
(2 living species: coelacanths)
(6 living species: lungfish)
(>30,000 living species: amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds)
(14 living species: bichirs, reedfish)
(27 living species: sturgeons, paddlefish)
(>32,000 living species) Evolution and diversity
Further information: Evolution of fish and Diversity of fish
Living neopterygians are subdivided into two main groups (infraclasses): teleosts and holosteans.[7] Holosteans comprise two clades, the Ginglymodi and the Halecomorphi.[8][2][9][10] All of these groups have a long and extensive fossil record.[11] The evolutionary relationships between the different groups of Neopterygii is summarized in the cladogram below (divergence time for each clade in mya are based on[12]).
| Neopterygii 360 mya |
|
(7 living species: gars and alligator gars)
(2 living species: bowfin and Eyespot bowfin)
(>32,000 living species)Neopterygians are a very speciose group. They make up over 50% of the total vertebrate diversity today, and their diversity grew since the Mesozoic era.[11][13] However, the diversity of the various groups of neopterygians (or of fishes in general) is unevenly distributed, with teleosts making up the vast majority (96%) of living species.[2]
Early Triassic parasemionotiform Watsonulus is an early neopterygian.
Early in their evolution, neopterygians were a very successful group of fish, because they could move more rapidly than their ancestors. Their scales and skeletons began to lighten during their evolution, and their jaws became more powerful and efficient.[2] While electroreception and the ampullae of Lorenzini are present in all other extant groups of fish (except for hagfish), neopterygians have lost this sense, even if it has later re-evolved within Gymnotiformes and catfishes, which possess non-homologous teleost ampullae.[14]
Only a few changes occurred during the evolution of neopterygians from the earlier actinopterygians. However, a very important step in the evolution of neopterygians is the acquisition of a better control of the movements of both dorsal and anal fins, resulting in an improvement in their swimming capabilities. They additionally acquired several modifications in the skull, which allowed the evolution of different feeding mechanisms and consequently the colonization of new ecological niches. All of these characters represented major improvements, resulting in Neopterygii becoming the dominant group of fishes (and, thus, taxonomically of vertebrates in general) today.[11]
The great diversity of extant teleosts has been linked to a whole genome duplication event during their evolution.[15]
Classification
Order †Pholidopleuriformes
Order †Redfieldiiformes
Order †Platysiagiformes
Order †Polzbergiiformes
Order †Perleidiformes
Order †Louwoichthyiformes[16]
Order †Peltopleuriformes
Order †Luganoiiformes
Order †Pycnodontiformes
Infraclass Holostei
Clade Halecomorphi
Order †Parasemionotiformes
Order †Panxianichthyiformes
Order †Ionoscopiformes
Order Amiiformes, the bowfin
Clade Ginglymodi
Order †?Dapediiformes
Order †Semionotiformes
Order Lepisosteiformes, the gars
Clade Teleosteomorpha
Order †Prohaleciteiformes
Division Aspidorhynchei
Order †Aspidorhynchiformes
Order †Pachycormiformes
Infraclass Teleostei
Order †?Araripichthyiformes
Order †?Ligulelliiformes
Order †Pholidophoriformes
Order †Dorsetichthyiformes
Order †Leptolepidiformes
Order †Crossognathiformes
Order †Ichthyodectiformes
Order †Tselfatiiformes
Superorder Osteoglossomorpha
Order †Lycopteriformes
Order Osteoglossiformes, the bony-tongued fishes
Order Hiodontiformes, including the mooneye and goldeye
Superorder Elopomorpha
Order Elopiformes, including the ladyfishes and tarpon
Order Albuliformes, the bonefishes
Order Notacanthiformes, including the halosaurs and spiny eels
Order Anguilliformes, the true eels
Order Saccopharyngiformes, including the gulper eel
Superorder Clupeomorpha
Order †Ellimmichthyiformes
Order Clupeiformes, including herrings and anchovies
Superorder Ostariophysi
Order †Sorbininardiformes
Order Gonorynchiformes, including the milkfishes
Order Cypriniformes, including barbs, carp, danios, goldfishes, loaches, minnows, rasboras
Order Characiformes, including characins, pencilfishes, hatchetfishes, piranhas, tetras.
Order Gymnotiformes, including electric eels and knifefishes
Order Siluriformes, the catfishes
Superorder Lepidogalaxii
Order Lepidogalaxiiformes, the salamanderfish
Superorder Protacanthopterygii
Order Argentiniformes, including the barreleyes and slickheads (formerly in Osmeriformes)
Order Salmoniformes, including salmon, Arctic char, and trout
Order Esociformes, the pikes and mudminnows
Order Galaxiiformes, the galaxiids
Order Osmeriformes, including the smelts
Superorder Stenopterygii (may belong in Protacanthopterygii)
Order Ateleopodiformes, the jellynose fish
Order Stomiiformes, including the bristlemouths and marine hatchetfishes
Superorder Cyclosquamata (may belong in Protacanthopterygii)
Order Aulopiformes, including the Bombay duck, tripod fish, and lancetfishes
Superorder Scopelomorpha
Order Myctophiformes, including the lanternfishes
Superorder Lampridiomorpha
Order Lampriformes, including the oarfish, opah and ribbonfishes
Superorder Polymyxiomorpha
Order †Pattersonichthyiformes
Order †Ctenothrissiformes
Order Polymixiiformes, the beardfishes
Superorder Paracanthopterygii
Order Percopsiformes, including the cavefishes and trout-perches
Order †Sphenocephaliformes
Order Batrachoidiformes, the toadfishes
Order Lophiiformes, including the anglerfishes
Order Gadiformes, including cods
Order Ophidiiformes, including the pearlfishes
Superorder Acanthopterygii
Order Mugiliformes, the mullets
Order Atheriniformes, including silversides and rainbowfishes
Order Beloniformes, including the flyingfishes
Order Cetomimiformes, the whalefishes
Order Cyprinodontiformes, including live-bearers, killifishes
Order Stephanoberyciformes, including the ridgeheads
Order Beryciformes, including the fangtooths and pineconefishes
Order Zeiformes, including the dories
Order Gobiesociformes, the clingfishes[17]
Order Gasterosteiformes including sticklebacks
Order Syngnathiformes, including the seahorses and pipefishes[18]
Order Synbranchiformes, including the swamp eels
Order Tetraodontiformes, including the sunfish, filefishes and pufferfish
Order Pleuronectiformes, the flatfishes
Order Scorpaeniformes, including scorpionfishes and the sculpins
Order Perciformes 40% of all fish including anabantids, bass, cichlids, gobies, gouramis, mackerel, perches, scats, whiting, wrasses
References
Regan, C. Tate (1923). "The Skeleton of Lepidosteus, with remarks on the origin and evolution of the lower Neopterygian Fishes". Journal of Zoology. 93 (2): 445–461. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1923.tb02191.x.
Nelson, Joseph, S. (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
Broughton, Richard E.; Betancur-R., Ricardo; Li, Chenhong; Arratia, Gloria; Ortí, Guillermo (2013-04-16). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis reveals the pattern and tempo of bony fish evolution". PLOS Currents. 5: ecurrents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.2ca8041495ffafd0c92756e75247483e (inactive 2024-02-27). ISSN 2157-3999. PMC 3682800. PMID 23788273.
"PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-02-26.
Hurley, Imogen A.; Mueller, Rachael Lockridge; Dunn, Katherine A. (21 November 2006). "A new time-scale for ray-finned fish evolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 274 (1609): 489–498. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3749. PMC 1766393. PMID 17476768.
Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
López-Arbarello, A (2012). "Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e39370. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739370L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039370. PMC 3394768. PMID 22808031.
Betancur-R (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4".
"Actinopterygii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 April 2006.
R. Froese and D. Pauly, ed. (February 2006). "FishBase".
Friedman, Matt; Sallan, Lauren Cole (June 2012). "Five hundred million years of extinczion and recovery: A Phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes". Palaeontology. 55 (4): 707–742. Bibcode:2012Palgy..55..707F. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01165.x. S2CID 59423401.
Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10913698N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID 25431138. S2CID 5332637.
Electroreception By Theodore Holmes Bullock
Pasquier, Jeremy; Braasch, Ingo; Batzel, Peter; Cabau, Cedric; Montfort, Jérome; Nguyen, Thaovi; Jouanno, Elodie; Berthelot, Camille; Klopp, Christophe; Journot, Laurent; Postlethwai, John H.; Guigue, Yann; Bob, Julien (2017). "Evolution of gene expression after whole-genome duplication: new insights from the spotted gar genome". J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol). 328 (7): 709–721. Bibcode:2017JEZB..328..709P. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22770. PMC 5679426. PMID 28944589.
Xu, Guang-Hui (2021-01-09). "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of Yunnan, China, with a reassessment of the relationships of early neopterygian clades". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (2): 375–394. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa053. ISSN 0024-4082.
In ITIS, Gobiesociformes is placed as the suborder Gobiesocoidei of the order Perciformes.
In ITIS, Syngnathiformes is placed as the suborder Syngnathoidei of the order Gasterosteiformes.
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