Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cladus: Metatheria
Cladus: Marsupialiformes
Ordo: †Sparassodonta
Familia: †Proborhyaenidae
Genera: Arminiheringia - Paraborhyaena - Proborhyaena
Proborhyaenidae is an extinct family of metatherian mammals of the order Sparassodonta, which lived in South America from the Eocene (Mustersan) until the Oligocene (Deseadan).[1] Sometimes it has been included as a subfamily of their relatives, the borhyaenids (as Proborhyaeninae).[2] The largest species, Proborhyaena gigantea, is estimated to be about the size of a spectacled bear, with its skull reaching 60 cm (2.0 ft) in length,[3] and body mass estimates up to approximately 90–200 kg (200–440 lb), making the proborhyaenids some of the largest known metatherians.[4][5][6] Proborhyaenid remains have been found in western Bolivia, Uruguay, southern Brazil, and the provinces of Mendoza, Salta, and Chubut, in Argentina.[7]
Most proborhyaenids had a robust, hyena-like skull, although one species, Callistoe vincei, had an elongate, narrow skull more reminiscent of a thylacine.[1] The teeth were strongly specialized as carnassials for eating meat, and in Arminiheringia rotated throughout the animal's life to maintain a continuous shearing blade on the tooth.[2] Preserved specimens of their canines lack enamel;[2] in life, the enamel may have been very thin or restricted to the tooth tips. In the genus Arminiheringia the lower canines are protruding. Proborhyaenids can be distinguished from other sparassodonts by their grooved upper and lower canines, which grew continuously throughout the animals' lives like rodent incisors. Bond and Pascual (1983) argued that proborhyaenid canines stopped growing in late adulthood based on a specimen from Mendoza Province, Argentina, but the proborhyaenid identity of this specimen is disputed.[8][1] The presence of open-rooted upper canines in thylacosmilids has led to the suggestion that proborhyaenids are closely related to, or even ancestral to, this group, but this is still controversial.[9][7]
Genera
Family Proborhyaenidae[1]
Genus Arminiheringia Ameghino 1902 - Argentina
Genus Callistoe Babot et al. 2002 - Argentina
Genus Paraborhyaena Hoffstetter & Petter 1982 - Bolivia
Genus Proborhyaena Ameghino 1897 - Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay
References
Babot, María J.; Jaime E. Powell; Christian de Muizon (2002). "Callistoe vincei a new Proborhyaenidae (Borhyaenoidea, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the Early Eocene of Argentina". Geobios. 35 (5): 615–629. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(02)00073-6.
Marshall, L. Evolution of the Borhyaenidae, extinct South American predaceous marsupials. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
Shockey, B. J. (1999). Postcranial osteology and functional morphology of the Litopterna of Salla, Bolivia (Late Oligocene). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(2), 383–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011149
Prevosti, Francisco J.; Forasiepi, Analía M. (2018). "South American Endemic Mammalian Predators (Order Sparassodonta)". Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies. Springer Geology. p. 67. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03701-1. ISBN 978-3-319-03700-4. S2CID 134939823.
A. M. Forasiepi; M. Judith Babot; N. Zimicz (2014). "Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 13 (6): 503–525. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.926403. hdl:11336/59430.
Tarquini, S. D., Ladevèze, S., & Prevosti, F. J. (2022). The multicausal twilight of South American native mammalian predators (Metatheria, Sparassodonta). Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-05266-z
Forasiepi, Analía M. (2009). "Osteology of Arctodictis sinclairi (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) and phylogeny of Cenozoic metatherian carnivores from South America". Monografías del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 6: 1–174.
Bond, Mariano; Rosendo Pascual (1983). "Nuevos y elocuentes restos craneos de Proborhyaena gigantea Ameghino, 1897 (Marsupialia, Borhyaenidae, Proborhyaenidae) de la edad Deseadense. Un ejemplo de coevolucion". Ameghiniana. 20 (1–2): 47–60.
Babot, Maria J. (2005). Los Borhyaenoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) del Terciario inferior del noroeste argentino. Aspectos filogenéticos, paleobiológicos y bioestratigráficos (Thesis).
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