Notamacropus rufogriseus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cladus: Metatheria
Cladus: Marsupialiformes
Cohors: Marsupialia
Cladus: Australidelphia
Cladus: Eomarsupialia
Ordo: Diprotodontia
Subordo: Macropodiformes
Familia: Macropodidae
Subfamilia: Macropodinae
Genus: Notamacropus
Species: Notamacropus rufogriseus
Subspecies (3): N. r. banksianus – N. r. rufogriseus
Name
Notamacropus rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817)
Type locality: King Island, Tasmania, Australia
Holotype: MNHN.
Synonyms
Wallabia rufogrisea (Desmarest, 1817).
Macropus rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817).
References
Notamacropus rufogriseus – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Notamacropus rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817). Australian Faunal Directory (AFD).
Celik, M. et al. 2019: A molecular and morphometric assessment of the systematics of the Macropus complex clarifies the tempo and mode of kangaroo evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 186(3): p. 793–812. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz005
Jackson, S. M.; Groves, C. 2015: Taxonomy of Australian Mammals. CSIRO Publishing: p. 159–160.
Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., Nouv. ed., 17: 36.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
български: Валаби на Бенет
català: Ualabi de coll vermell
čeština: Klokan rudokrký
Deutsch: Rotnackenwallaby
English: Red-necked Wallaby
suomi: Punakaulakenguru
français: Wallaby de Bennett
עברית: וולבי אדום צוואר
magyar: Bennett-kenguru, vörösnyakú wallaby
日本語: アカクビワラビー
lietuvių: Pilkarusvė kengūra
македонски: Црвеношиесто валаби
Nederlands: Bennettwallabie
polski: Walabia Bennetta
svenska: Rödhalsad vallaby
中文: 紅頸袋鼠
The red-necked wallaby or Bennett's wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus)[3] is a medium-sized macropod marsupial (wallaby), common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia, including Tasmania. Red-necked wallabies have been introduced to several other countries, including New Zealand, the United Kingdom (in England and Scotland), Ireland, the Isle of Man, France and Germany.[4]
Description
Red-necked wallabies are distinguished by their black nose and paws, white stripe on the upper lip, and grizzled medium grey coat with a reddish wash across the shoulders. They can weigh 13.8 to 18.6 kilograms (30 to 41 lb) and attain a head-body length of 90 centimetres (35 in), although males are generally bigger than females. Red-necked wallabies are very similar in appearance to the black-striped wallaby (Notamacropus dorsalis), the only difference being that red-necked wallabies are larger, lack a black stripe down the back, and have softer fur.[5] Red-necked wallabies may live up to nine years.[6]
Distribution and habitat
Red-necked wallabies are found in coastal scrub and sclerophyll forest throughout coastal and highland eastern Australia, from Bundaberg, Queensland to the South Australian border;[6] in Tasmania and on many of the Bass Strait islands. It is unclear which of the Tasmanian islands have native populations as opposed to introduced ones.
In Tasmania and coastal Queensland, their numbers have expanded over the past 30 years because of a reduction in hunting pressure and the partial clearing of forest to result in a mosaic of pastures where wallabies can feed at night, alongside bushland where they can shelter by day. For not altogether clear reasons, they are less common in Victoria.
Behaviour
Two adult males fighting
Red-necked wallabies are mainly solitary but will gather together when there is an abundance of resources such as food, water or shelter. When they do gather in groups, they have a social hierarchy similar to other wallaby species. A recent study has demonstrated that wallabies, as other social or gregarious mammals, are able to manage conflict via reconciliation, involving the post-conflict reunion, after a fight, of former opponents, which engage in affinitive contacts.[7] Red-necked wallabies are mainly nocturnal. They spend most of the daytime resting.[6]
A female's estrus lasts 33 days.[6] During courting, the female first licks the male's neck. The male will then rub his cheek against the female's. Then the male and female will fight briefly, standing upright like two males. After that they finally mate. A couple will stay together for one day before separating. A female bears one offspring at a time; the young stay in the pouch for about 280 days,[8] whereafter females and their offspring stay together for only a month. However, females may stay in the home range of their mothers for life, while males leave at the age of two. Also, red-necked wallabies engage in alloparental care, in which one individual may adopt the child of another. This is a common behavior seen in many other animal species like wolves, elephants, humans, and fathead minnows.[9]
Diet
Red-necked wallabies diets consists of grasses, roots, tree leaves, and weeds.[6]
Subspecies
There are two or three subspecies:
N. r. banksianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) – red-necked wallaby [Australian mainland]
N. r. rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817) sensu lato – Bennett's wallaby, which is sometimes replaced by:
N. r. fruticus (Ogilby, 1838) [Tasmania]
N. r. rufogriseus (Desmarest, 1817) sensu stricto [Bass Strait, King Island]
The Tasmanian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus rufogriseus, usually known as Bennett's wallaby, is smaller (as island subspecies or species often are), has longer, darker[5] and shaggier fur, and breeds in the late summer, mostly between February and April. They have adapted to living in proximity to humans and can be found grazing on lawns in the fringes of Hobart and other urban areas.
The mainland Australian subspecies, Notamacropus rufogriseus banksianus, usually known as the red-necked wallaby, breeds all year round. Captive animals maintain their breeding schedules; Tasmanian females that become pregnant out of their normal season delay birth until summer, which can be anywhere up to 8 months later.
Introductions to other countries
A population of albino Bennett's wallabies (N. r. rufogriseus) lives on Bruny Island.
There are significant introduced populations in the Canterbury Region of New Zealand's South Island. In 1870, several Bennett's wallabies were transported from Tasmania to Christchurch, New Zealand. Two females and one male from this stock were later released at Te Waimate, the property of Waimate's first European settler Michael Studholme. The year 1874 saw them freed in the Hunters Hills, where over the years their population has dramatically increased. Bennett's wallabies are now resident on approximately 350,000 ha of terrain in the Hunters Hills, including the Two Thumb Range, the Kirkliston Range and the Grampians. They have been declared an animal pest in the Canterbury Region and land occupiers must contain the wallabies within specified areas.[10] Bennett's wallaby is now widely regarded as a symbol of Waimate.
There are also small colonies in England[6] in the Peak District (extirpated), Derbyshire (extirpated), and the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex (population unknown). These were established ca. 1900. There are also other sightings frequently spotted in West Sussex and Hampshire and recently YouTuber 'Wildlife With Cookie' found a population in an unknown part of England not associated with the previous mentioned locations. One of this small population was a mother carrying a joey, confirming that breeding was still occurring in the UK.[11] He also went on to locate wallabies with albinism in Kenilworth, Warwickshire.[12]
There is a small colony of red-necked wallabies on the island of Inchconnachan, Loch Lomond in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. This was founded in 1975 with two pairs taken from the Whipsnade Zoo, and had risen to 26 individuals by 1993.[13]
There is a significant group of escaped red-necked wallabies living wild across the Isle of Man, which are the descendants of numerous escapes from a wildlife park on the island in the 1960s and 1970s.[14] A 2017 study by estimated their number in the vicinity of the wildlife park to be 83 individuals, including a very small number of Parma wallabies.[15] A 2023 study by the Manx Wildlife Trust using drone and thermal technology resulted in the first accurate count of the red-necked wallabies in the Ballaugh Curragh Area of Special Scientific Interest and Ramsar site. Two nocturnal surveys, carried out across 400 hectares of the Ballaugh Curragh over two consecutive nights, gave an average number of 568 wallabies with a density of 140 per km². As the survey site included surrounding agricultural land, it is thought the density would be higher when the wallabies retreat into the wet woodland during the day. Wallabies are now widely reported across the northern half of the Isle of Man.[14] Along with concerns about inbreeding leading to a high prevalence of blindness and neurological disorders, there is concern that they are having a detrimental impact on the native ecology of the island, therefore the Isle of Man Government has classed them as an invasive, non-native species via listing on Schedule 8 of the Wildlife Act 1990.[16]
The Baring family, who owned Lambay Island off the eastern coast of Ireland, introduced red-necked wallabies to the island in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, the red-necked wallaby population at the Dublin Zoo was growing out of control. Unable to find another zoo to take them, and unwilling to euthanize them, zoo director Peter Wilson donated seven individuals to the Barings. The animals have thrived since then and the current population is estimated to be between 30 and 50.[17]
In France, in the southern part of the Forest of Rambouillet, 50 km (31 mi) west from Paris, there is a wild group of around 50–100 Bennett's wallabies. This population has been present since the 1970s, when some individuals escaped from the zoological park of Émancé after a storm.[18]
In Germany, a wild population originating from zoo escapees exists in the federated state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.[19]
In October 2014, three captive Bennett's wallabies escaped into the wild in northern Austria and one of them roamed the area for three months before being recaptured, surprisingly surviving the harsh winter there. The case attracted media attention, as it humorously defeated the popular slogan "There are no kangaroos in Austria."[20]
References
Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
McKenzie, N.; Menkhorst, P.; Lunney, D. (2016). "Macropus rufogriseus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T40566A21953329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T40566A21953329.en. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
"Australian Faunal Directory: Notamacropus rufogriseus". biodiversity.org.au. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
Dickinson, Greg (20 September 2018). "The curious mystery of the wild wallabies living on the Isle of Man". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
Staker, Lynda (2006). The Complete Guide to the Care of Macropods. Lynda Staker. p. 54. ISBN 0977575101.
Long, John (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World. Csiro Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 0643099166.
Cordoni, G.; Norscia, I. (2014). "Peace-Making in Marsupials: The First Study in the Red-Necked Wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86859. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986859C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086859. PMC 3906073. PMID 24489796.
"Bennett's Wallaby". Encyclopedia of Life.
Riedman, Marianne L. (December 1982). "The Evolution of Alloparental Care in Mammals and Birds". Quarterly Review of Biology. 57 (4): 405–435. doi:10.1086/412936. JSTOR 2826887. S2CID 85378202.
Law, Tina (28 March 2014). "Big bounce in South Island wallaby numbers". Stuff. Stuff. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
"You Would NOT Expect To Find THIS In England | (Animal Anomalies)". YouTube. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
"I Found Albino Wallabies WILD In The UK!". YouTube. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
"The Colquhoun's Island". Inchconnachan Island – Loch Lomond. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
"Red-Necked Wallaby - Position Statement". Manx Wildlife Trust. 30 March 2022.
Paige Havlin; Anthony Caravaggi; W. Ian Montgomery (2018). "The distribution and trophic ecology of an introduced, insular population of red-necked wallabies (Notamacropus rufogriseus)" (PDF). Can. J. Zool. 96: 357–365.
"Wildlife Act 1990" (PDF). Isle of Man Government/Reiltys Ellan Vannin.
Connolly, Colleen (12 November 2014). "What the Heck Are Wallabies Doing in Ireland?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
"Enquête sur le Wallaby de Bennett en Forêt d'Yvelines" [Investigation of Bennett's Wallaby in the Yvelines Forest]. CERF78 (in French). 2019. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
Angelika Sigl (5 June 2021). "Die Kängurus von Mecklenburg". Bayerische Rundfunk (BR) (in German). Retrieved 16 April 2024.
"Runaway 'kangaroo' spotted in garden". The Local.at. 28 January 2015.
Further reading
Latham, A. David M.; Latham, M. Cecilia; Warburton, Bruce (11 June 2018). "Current and predicted future distributions of wallabies in mainland New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 46 (1): 31–47. doi:10.1080/03014223.2018.1470540. ISSN 0301-4223. S2CID 89942240.
English, Holly M.; Caravaggi, Anthony (2 November 2020). "Where's wallaby? Using public records and media reports to describe the status of red-necked wallabies in Britain". Ecology and Evolution. 10 (23): 12949–12959. Bibcode:2020EcoEv..1012949E. doi:10.1002/ece3.6877. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 7713933. PMID 33304507.
Bentley, Ross (18 August 2018). "Could wallabies be about to colonise north Essex?". East Anglian Daily Times. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
McCarthy, Michael (20 February 2013). "The decline and fall of the Peak District wallabies". The Independent. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
Caravaggi, Anthony; English, Holly (3 November 2020). "Wallabies are on the loose in Britain – and we've mapped 95 sightings". The Conversation. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
"Macropus rufogriseus". Atlas of Living Australia.
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