Chironectes minimus , Photo: Michael Lahanas
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cladus: Metatheria
Cladus: Marsupialiformes
Cohors: Marsupialia
Ordo: Didelphimorphia
Familia: Didelphidae
Subfamilia: Didelphinae
Tribus: Didelphini
Genus: Chironectes
Species: Chironectes minimus
Subspecies (4): C. m. argyrodytes – C. m. langsdorffi – C. m. minimus – C. m. panamensis
Name
Chironectes minimus (Zimmermann, 1780)
Type material: Unknown.
Type locality: “Gujana”, restricted to “Cayenne, French Guyana” by Cabrera (1958: 44).
Combinations
Latra [sic] minima Zimmermann, 1780: 317 [original combination]
Chironectes minimus — Illiger, 1811: 76 [subsequent combination]
References
Primary references
Zimmermann, E. von 1780. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfüßigen Thiere. Zweiter Band: Enthält ein vollständiges Verzeichniß aller bekannten Quadrupeden. Weygandschen Buchhandlung: Leipzig. 450 pp. Online Reference page.
Illiger, J.K.W. 1811. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis utriusque classis, eorumque versione germanica. C. Salfield: Berolini. xviii + 302 pp. BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Water opossum
español: Comadreja de agua
Avañe'ẽ: Yapok
íslenska: Vatnapokarotta
polski: Japok
português do Brasil: Mucura d'água
svenska: Pungutter
Türkçe: Su oposumu
Chironectes minimus , Photo: Michael Lahanas
The water opossum (Chironectes minimus), also locally known as the yapok (/ˈjæpɒk/), is a marsupial of the family Didelphidae.[2] It is the only monotypic species of its genus, Chironectes.[3] This semiaquatic creature is found in and near freshwater streams and lakes from Mexico through Central and South America to Argentina and is the most aquatic living marsupial (the lutrine opossum also has semiaquatic habits). It is also the only extant marsupial species in which both sexes have a pouch. The thylacine, commonly referred to as the Tasmanian tiger, also exhibited this trait, but it is now extinct.[4]
The local name for the water opossum, "yapok", may come from the name of the Oyapock River in French Guiana.[citation needed]
Physical appearance
Skull of a water opossum
The water opossum is small, measuring 27–32.5 cm (10.6–12.8 in) long, with a 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long tail. The fur is in a marbled grey and black pattern, while the muzzle, eyestripe, and crown are all black. A light band runs across the forehead anterior to the ears, which are rounded and hairless. There are sensory facial bristles in tufts above each eye, as well as whiskers. The water opossum's tail, furred and black at the base, is yellow or white at its end. The hind feet of the water opossum are webbed, while the forefeet ("hands") are not. The forefeet can be used to feel for and grab prey as the animal swims, propelled by its tail and webbed back feet.[5] Unlike other didelphids, the water opossum does not have a cloaca.[6]
Drawing of a water opossum
Aquatic adaptations
The water opossum has several adaptations for its watery lifestyle. It has short, dense fur, which is water-repellent. The broad hind feet are webbed and are used for propulsion through water, moving with alternate strokes. They are symmetrical as well, which distributes force equally along both borders of the webbing; this increases the efficiency of the water opossum's movement through the water. The water opossum's long tail also aids in swimming.[citation needed]
Being a marsupial and at the same time an aquatic animal, the water opossum has evolved a way to protect its young while swimming. A strong ring of muscle makes the pouch (which opens to the rear) watertight, so the young remain dry, even when the mother is totally immersed in water.[5] The male also has a pouch (although not as watertight as the female's), where he places his genitalia before swimming.[6] This is thought to prevent them from becoming entangled in aquatic vegetation and is probably helpful in streamlining the animal as well.[citation needed]
Reproduction
Water opossums mate in December and a litter of 1–5 young is born 12 to 14 days later in the nest. By 22 days the offspring are beginning to show some fur, and by 40 days or so their eyes are open, their bodies protruding from the mother's pouch. At 48 days of age, the young opossums detach from the nipples, but they still nurse and sleep with the mother.[citation needed]
Fossil record
The water opossum seems to have a history dating as far back as to the Pliocene Epoch. The first Pliocene occurrences were recorded in 1902, 1906, and 1917 when two fragments of left mandibular ramus with alveoli (characterized as MACN 2464 and MACN 3515), as well as the fragment of the distal end of a humerus (MACN 3675) were collected near the city of Parani, Entre Rios Province, Argentina. The mandibular fossils, MACN 2464 and 3515 were known to be from the water opossum because their teeth were nearly indistinguishable from living populations of the organism in present day. Additionally, water opossum teeth are characteristically different from other didelphids, likely because they are the only semi-aquatic marsupials, making these teeth easy to identify.[7]
Holocene subfossil fragments of Chironectes have been discovered in São Paulo, Brazil. Also, there are fossil specimens from the late Pleistocene–recent cave deposits in Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as from the late Pliocene in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina.[citation needed]
Subspecies
Chironectes minimus argyrodytes
Chironectes minimus langsdorffi
Chironectes minimus minimus
Chironectes minimus panamensis
References
Footnotes
Pérez-Hernandez, R.; Brito, D.; Tarifa, T.; Cáceres, N.; Lew, D.; Solari, S. (2016). "Chironectes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T4671A22173467. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T4671A22173467.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
* Gardner, A.L. (2005). "Order Didelphimorphia". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Water-opossum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 384.
"National Museum of Australia - Extinction of thylacine".
Fernandez, Fernando Antonio dos Santos, et al. "Natural history of the water opossum Chironectes minimus: a review." Oecologia Australis 19.1 (2015).
Nogueira, José Carlos, et al. "Morphology of the male genital system of Chironectes minimus and comparison to other didelphid marsupials." Journal of mammalogy 85.5 (2004): 834-841.
Marshall, L. G. (1977). "First Pliocene Record of the Water Opossum, Chironectes minimus (Didelphidae, Marsupialia)". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 434–436. doi:10.2307/1379349. ISSN 1545-1542. JSTOR 1379349.
Bibliography
Reid, Fiona A. (June 2, 2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-195-34322-9. OCLC 312626014.
Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H. (May 15, 2000). Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1. OCLC 493329394.
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