Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea
Familia: Vireonidae
Genus: Vireo
Species: V. altiloquus – V. approximans – V. atricapilla – V. bairdi – V. bellii – V. brevipennis – V. caribaeus – V. carmioli – V. cassinii – V. chivi – V. crassirostris – V. flavifrons – V. flavoviridis – V. gilvus – V. gracilirostris – V. griseus – V. gundlachii – V. huttoni – V. hypochryseus – V. latimeri – V. leucophrys – V. magister – V. masteri – V. modestus – V. nanus – V. nelsoni – V. olivaceus – V. osburni – V. pallens – V. philadelphicus – V. plumbeus – V. sclateri – V. solitarius – V. vicinior
Name
Vireo Vieillot, 1808
Typus
Tanagra grisea Boddaert, 1783 = Vireo griseus
Synonyms
Vireosylva Bonaparte, 1838
Phyllomanes Cabanis, 1847
Neochloe P.L. Sclater, 1858
Laletes P.L. Sclater, 1861
Chlorochroa P.L. Sclater, 1862
Lanivireo Baird, 1864 Rep.Expl.Surv.RR.Pac. p. 329 BHL
Vireonella Baird, 1866 Rev.Am.Birds I p. 326 BHL
Lawrencia Ridgway, 1886 Auk p. 382 BHL
Melodivireo Oberholser, 1974
Solivireo Oberholser, 1974
Vereo [variation]
References
Primary references
Vieillot, L.J.P. 1807. Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale: contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois Tome 1 Part 1. 90 pp. + 60 tt. Desray, Paris: Original description p. 83 BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Salaman, P.G.W. & Stiles, F.G. 1996. A distinctive new species of Vireo (Passeriformes: Vireonidae) from the Western Andes of Colombia. Ibis 138: 610-619. Full article (PDF)Reference page.
Slager, D.L., Battey, C.J., Bryson, R.W., Jr., Voelker, G. & Klicka, J. 2014. A multilocus phylogeny of a major New World avian radiation: The Vireonidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 80: 95-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.021 PDFReference page.
Battey, C. J. & Klicka, J. 2017. Cryptic speciation and gene flow in a migratory songbird species complex: insights from the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 113: 67-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.006Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Vireo
Vireo is a genus of small passerine birds restricted to the New World. Vireos typically have dull greenish plumage (hence the name, from Latin virere, "to be green"), but some are brown or gray on the back and some have bright yellow underparts. They resemble wood warblers apart from their slightly larger size and heavier bills,[1] which in most species have a very small hook at the tip.[2] The legs are stout.[1]
Most species fall into two plumage groups: one with wing bars and yellow or white eye rings, and one with unmarked wings and eye stripes; however, the Chocó vireo has both wing bars and eye stripes.[2]
Sexes are alike in all species except for the black-capped vireo, in which the male's crown is black and the female's is gray.[2]
Taxonomy
The genus Vireo was introduced in 1808 by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot.[3] The type species was subsequently designated as the white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) by German ornithologist Hans Friedrich Gadow in 1883.[4][5] The word vireo was used by Latin authors for a small, green, migratory bird, probably a Eurasian golden oriole, but a European greenfinch has also been suggested.[6]
Feeding
All members of the genus mostly eat insects and other arthropods, but also eat some fruit.[2] A common pattern is arthropods in summer and fruit in winter.[1] Vireos take prey from leaves and branches and in midair, and the gray vireo takes 5% of its prey from the ground.[2]
Range and territorial behavior
Most species are found in Central America and northern South America. Thirteen species occur farther north, in the United States, Canada, and Bermuda;[7] of these, all but Hutton's vireo are migratory. Vireos seldom fly long distances except in migration.[2]
The resident species occur in pairs or family groups that maintain territories all year (except Hutton's vireo, which joins mixed feeding flocks). Most of the migrants defend winter territories against conspecifics. The exceptions are the complex comprising the red-eyed vireo, the yellow-green vireo, the black-whiskered vireo, and the Yucatan vireo, which winter in small, wandering flocks.[2]
Voice and breeding
Males of most species are persistent singers. Songs are usually rather simple, ranging from monotonous, in some species of the Caribbean littoral and islands, to elaborate and pleasant to human ears in the Chocó vireo.[2] Calls often include "scolding chatters and mews".[1]
Blue-headed vireo
The species whose nests are known all build a cup-shaped nest that hangs from branches. Its outer layer is made of coarse leaf and bark strips or of moss, depending on the species; in either case, the material is bound with spider silk and ornamented with spider egg cases. The lining is made of fine grass stems neatly circling the cup. In most species, both sexes work on the nest, but the female adds the lining. In the red-eyed, black-whiskered, Yucatan, and Philadelphia vireos, the male does not help, instead singing and accompanying the female while she builds the nest. The female does most of the incubation, spelled by the male except in the red-eyed vireo complex.[2]
The eggs are whitish; all but the black-capped and dwarf vireos have sparse, fine brown or red-brown spots at the wide end.[1][2] Tropical species lay two, while temperate-zone species lay four or five. Incubation lasts 11 to 13 days, and the young fledge after the same amount of time. Both sexes feed the nestlings arthropods, and each fledgeling is fed by one parent or the other (not both) for as long as 20 days.[2]
Species
The genus contains 34 species:[8]
Golden vireo, Vireo hypochryseus
Yellow-green vireo, Vireo flavoviridis (sometimes included in V. olivaceus)
Red-eyed vireo, Vireo olivaceus
Yucatan vireo, Vireo magister
Black-whiskered vireo, Vireo altiloquus
Chivi vireo, Vireo chivi
Noronha vireo, Vireo gracilirostris
Tepui vireo, Vireo sclateri
Philadelphia vireo, Vireo philadelphicus
Warbling vireo, Vireo gilvus
Brown-capped vireo, Vireo leucophrys
Hutton's vireo, Vireo huttoni
Gray vireo, Vireo vicinior
Yellow-throated vireo, Vireo flavifrons
Yellow-winged vireo, Vireo carmioli
Choco vireo, Vireo masteri
Blue-headed vireo, Vireo solitarius
Cassin's vireo, Vireo cassinii
Plumbeous vireo, Vireo plumbeus
Blue Mountain vireo, Vireo osburni
Flat-billed vireo, Vireo nanus
Mangrove vireo, Vireo pallens
Providencia vireo, Vireo approximans
Cozumel vireo, Vireo bairdi
San Andres vireo, Vireo caribaeus
White-eyed vireo, Vireo griseus
Thick-billed vireo, Vireo crassirostris
Jamaican vireo, Vireo modestus
Cuban vireo, Vireo gundlachii
Bell's vireo, Vireo bellii
Puerto Rican vireo, Vireo latimeri
Black-capped vireo, Vireo atricapillus
Dwarf vireo, Vireo nelsoni
Slaty vireo, Vireo brevipennis
References
Howell, Stephen N. G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. pp. 614. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.
Salaman, Paul; Barlow, Jon C. (2003). "Vireos". In Christopher Perrins (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 478–479. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1808). Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l'Amérique Septentrionale : contenant un grand nombre d'espèces décrites ou figurées pour la première fois (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Chez Desray. p. 83. The title page bears a date of 1807, but the volume did not appear until the following year.
Gadow, Hans (1883). Catalogue of the Passeriformes or Perching Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 8 Cichlomorphae Part V. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 292.
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 110–111.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Audubon Society of Bermuda: White-eyed vireo
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
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