Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Sylvioidea
Familia: Leiothrichidae
Genus: Trochalopteron
Species: Trochalopteron cachinnans
Subspecies: T. c. cachinnans – T. c. jerdoni
Name
Trochalopteron cachinnans (Jerdon, 1839)
Synonyms
Crateropus cachinnans (protonym; "cachinnaus", orth. err.)
Garrulax cachinnans
Strophocincla cachinnans
References
Madras Journal of Literature and Science 10: 255, pl.7.
IUCN: Trochalopteron cachinnans (Endangered)
Vernacular names
Cymraeg: Chwarddwr Nilgiri
English: Black-chinned Laughingthrush
suomi: Keralannauruli
magyar: Nilgiri álszajkó
മലയാളം: നീലഗിരി ചിലുചിലപ്പൻ
Nederlands: Nilgirilijstergaai
Diné bizaad: Tsídiidlohí bizééʼ halzhinígíí
svenska: nilgirifnittertrast
தமிழ்: நீலகிரி சிரிப்பான்
中文: 灰颈噪鹛
The Nilgiri laughingthrush (Strophocincla cachinnans) is a species of laughingthrush endemic to the high elevation areas of the Nilgiris and adjoining hill ranges in Peninsular India. The mostly rufous underparts, olive brown upperparts, a prominent white eyebrow and a black throat make it unmistakable. It is easily detected by its loud series of nasal call notes and can be hard to spot when it is hidden away inside a patch of dense vegetation. The species has a confusing taxonomic history, leading to a range of names. In the past the species was considered to have two subspecies, the nominate form in the Nilgiris (earlier called the black-chinned laughingthrush or rufous-breasted laughingthrush) and jerdoni (which is now treated as a full species, the Banasura laughingthrush) with a grey upper breast and found in the Brahmagiris of Coorg and Banasura range of Wayanad. They are omnivorous, feeding on a range of insects, berries and nectar.
Taxonomy
Illustration of G. c. jerdoni by Joseph Smit
The species was described by the English zoologist Thomas Jerdon in 1839 under the binomial name Crateroptus cachinnans.[2][3] In 1872 he noted that the form Trochalopteron jerdoni that he had discovered on the peak of Banasura [=Banasore] in Wayanad would likely also occur in Coorg. He added that they were separated by lower hills despite being only about 50 to 60 miles from the western edge of the Nilgiris.[4] The species jerdoni included fairbanki and meridionale (both from south of the Palghat Gap) while cachinnans was kept separate.[5] This treatment of jerdoni and cachinnans as species continued until 2005 when Rasmussen and Anderton grouped the black-chinned forms north of the Palghat Gap into one species with jerdoni of Coorg-Wynaad treated as a subspecies of cachinnans. The wider distribution of the taxon made the older name of "Nilgiri laughing-thrush" inappropriate. The form south of the Palghat gap without a black chin was elevated to a full species, fairbanki with meridionale as a subspecies, and called the Kerala laughingthrush. Stuart Baker in the second edition of the Fauna of British India included a subspecies cinnamomeum described by William Ruxton Davison from two specimens obtained by Atholl Macgregor, British Resident in Travancore, from an unknown location. This is usually not recognized but the description was based on two specimens with the black of the chin and lores replaced by dark brown.[6][7] Stuart Baker used several genera for the south Indian laughingthrushes. Trochalopteron was said to have the nostril visible and not covered by overhanging bristles as in Ianthocincla, the genus in which the Wayanad laughingthrush was placed. Subsequent revision by Ripley and Ali lumped all the south Indian laughingthrushes into the single genus Garrulax. The genus splits were, however, reinstated on the basis of differences in structure and the species was included in a previously erected genus Trochalopteron.[8][9][10][11][12] A detailed phylogenetic study published in 2017 identified that the south Indian species that were included in Trochalopteron were best treated as a sister group of a clade that included Leiothrix, Minla, Heterophasia and Actinodura and they were not closely related to members of Trochalopteron in the strict sense. This led to a need to establish a new genus Montecincla (with the type species being the first described species, Montecincla cachinnans).[13]
Description
This laughingthrush is about 24 cm long with a rufous underside and a dark olive grey upper body. The crown is slaty brown and there is a jagged and broad white supercilium margined with black. The throat, lores and a streak behind the eye are black. The tail is olive brown. The iris is reddish brown and the legs and bill are black. The upper breast is grey in the subspecies jerdoni and can appear somewhat like fairbanki although the throat of the latter is grey and the two do not overlap in range.[7][9][14] It is unmistakable in plumage although at a quick glance it can be mistaken for an Indian scimitar babbler.[15]
Behaviour and ecology
Race jerdoni of the Brahmagiris and adjoining Wayanad
The Nilgiri laughingthrush lives in dense forest patches on the Nilgiri and Wayanad ranges above the elevation of 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[16] It forages along the forest edge singly or in small groups low in the trees and sometimes on the ground. They are active in the early morning and late afternoon and are extremely vocal. While one bird calls in a series of loud ascending and descending nasal notes, another in a nearby bush produces a series of sharp kek notes.[10] They feed on the nectar of Lobelia excelsa and Rhododendron in winter. When Strobilanthes is in bloom, the birds feed on its nectar as well as its petals. They feed on the fruits of Ilex spp., Solanum auriculatum, Eurya japonica, Rhamnus wightii, Pyrus baccata, Rubus spp., Mahonia leschenaultii and Rhodomyrtus tomentosa ("hill guava"). Insects are crushed before swallowing and sometimes battered against a hard substrate. Small tree-frogs are sometimes taken. Large fruits are sometimes held under their foot and torn apart. They tend to forage on the open ground at dawn and dusk and mostly glean from vegetation during the rest of the day.[17]
Typical habitat in the Nilgiris
The Nilgiri laughingthrush nests from February to the beginning of June. The nest is a cup placed at about 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) above the ground in a clump of dense undergrowth, often close to a stream or marsh in the edge of a shola. The male as well as the female build the nest. The inside of the cup nest is lined with hair and fine material and nearly 50% of the nest weight is made up of mosses. The eggs are laid within a few days of completing the nest construction, which can take from 5 to 18 days (average of 13 days). Nests built later in the season tend to be constructed more rapidly. The clutch consists of 2 greenish blue eggs with brown blotches and streaks. The adults tear up and destroy the nest after the young birds fledge or if the nest is predated.[18] The eggs are about 2.3 to 2.7 cm (0.92 to 1.08 in) long and 1.9 to 2.0 cm (0.74 to 0.8 in) wide.[19] Incubation begins after the second egg is laid and both parents take turns until the chick hatches on the 16th or 17th day. If one of the eggs fails to hatch, the egg is left alone and not removed as in some bird species. The young are fed with insects during their early stages and berries such as Rubus at a later stage. The faecal sacs produced by the young are swallowed by the parents. The young fledge after 15–18 days but continue to remain nearby for about three weeks. Predators of the eggs and young include the Indian jungle crow and the greater coucal.[20]
The distribution of the species is restricted to a small area which is prone to habitat destruction leading to its status being considered as endangered.[1][16]
References
BirdLife International (2017). "Strophocincla cachinnans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T103874076A111175518. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
Jerdon, Thomas C. (1839). "Catalogue of the birds of the Peninsula of Indian: Continued". Madras Journal of Literature and Science. 10: 234-269 [255-256 Plate 7].
Mayr, Ernst; Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, eds. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 370.
Jerdon, TC (1872). "Supplementary Notes to "The Birds of India."". Ibis. 6 (3): 307–308. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1872.tb08412.x.
Deignan, HG; Paynter RA Jr.; Ripley, SD (1964). Check-list of birds of the World. Volume 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 370–371.
Davison, WR (1886). "Letters, Announcements, &c". Ibis. 28 (2): 203–205. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1886.tb06284.x.
Baker, ECS (1922). The Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 176–177.
Baker, ECS (1923). A Hand-list of genera and species of birds of the Indian Empire. Bombay Natural History Society. p. 17.
Rasmussen, P. C. & Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx edicions. pp. 414–415.
Ali, S & SD Ripley (1996). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 7. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41.
Luo, X.; Qu, Y. H.; Han, L. X.; Li, S. H. & Lei, F. M. (2009). "A phylogenetic analysis of laughingthrushes (Timaliidae: Garrulax) and allies based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences". Zoologica Scripta. 38: 9–22. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00355.x. S2CID 83800343.
Moyle, RG; Andersen, MJ; Oliveros, CH; Steinheimer, FD; Reddy, S (2012). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Core Babblers (Aves: Timaliidae)". Systematic Biology. 61 (4): 631–651. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys027. PMID 22328569.
Robin, V.V.; Vishnudas, C. K.; Gupta, Pooja; Rheindt, Frank E.; Hooper, Daniel M.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Reddy, Sushma (2017). "Two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the Shola Sky Islands of the Western Ghats, India". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0882-6. PMC 5259981. PMID 28114902.
Oates, EW (1889). The Fauna of British India. Birds. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 97–99.
Jerdon, TC (1863). The Birds of India. Volume 2. Part 1. Calcutta: Military Orphan Press. pp. 48–49.
Zarri AA, Rahmani AR, Singh A, Kushwaha SP (2008). "Habitat suitability assessment for the endangered Nilgiri Laughingthrush : A multiple logistic regression approach". Current Science. 94 (11): 1487–1494.
Islam, MA (1987). "Food and feeding habits of the South Indian laughing thrushes Garrulax cachinnans and Garrulax jerdoni (Aves:Muscicapidae)". Bangladesh Journal of Zoology. 15 (2): 197–204.
Islam, M.A. (1989). "Nest destruction and cannibalistic behaviour of Laughing Thrushes, Garrulax spp. (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Bangladesh Journal of Zoology. 17 (1): 15–17.
Hume, A. O. (1889). The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Vol. Volume 1 (Second ed.). London: R. H. Porter. pp. 62–64.
Islam, M.A. (1994). "Breeding habits of the Nilgiri Laughing Thrush Garrulax cachinnans (Jerdon)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 91 (1): 16–28.
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