Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Tyrannida
Familia: Tityridae
Genus: Tityra
Species: T. cayana - T. inquisitor - T. semifasciata
Dubious taxon: T. leucura
Name
Tityra Vieillot, 1816
Typus: Lanius cayanus Linnaeus, 1766 = Tityra cayana
Synonyms
Psaris Cuvier, 1816 RegneAnim. I p. 340
Erator Kaup, 1852 PZS p. 47
Exetastus Bonaparte, 1854 Ann.sci.nat., Zool. p. 134
Exetastes Cabanis & Heine Sr., 1859 Mus.Hein. p. 83
Tetyra [variation]
References
Vieillot, L.J.P. 1816. Analyse d'une nouvelle ornithologie élémentaire. 70 pp. Paris: Deterville. Original description p. 39 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Tityras
español: Titiras
português: Anambés
Türkçe: Titira
The tityras are passerine birds in the genus Tityra of the family Tityridae. They are found from southern Mexico, through Central America, to northern and central South America, including Trinidad.
These are medium-sized birds, typically around 20–25 centimetres (7.9–9.8 in) long, with large bills. The adult males are greyish-white above and white below, except for the wings and tail which are at least partially black. The males of all three species also have black head markings. The females are similar, but are duller, with browner or greyer head markings. The black-tailed and the masked tityra both have a conspicuous red eye-ring and base of the bill.
Taxonomy
The genus Tityra was introduced by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816, with the black-tailed tityra named as the type species.[1] The genus name comes from "Tityri" – the name given by the Ancient Greeks to the satyrs and other mythological companions of Pan and Bacchus. This is a reference to the boisterous, aggressive behavior of the type species.[2]
The tityras have traditionally been placed in the cotinga or the tyrant flycatcher family, but evidence strongly suggests they are better placed in Tityridae, where now placed by South American Classification Committee.[3] The black-crowned tityra is sometimes placed in a separate genus, Erator.[4]
The genus contains three species.[5]
Behavior
These species are found in forest clearings and edges, second growth and other semi-open habitats such as plantation shade trees. The eggs are laid in a bed of dry leaves in a tree hole, often an old woodpecker nest. The female incubates alone, but both parents feed the chicks. Fledging takes up to 25 days.
Tityras are seen alone or in pairs, perched conspicuously as they feed on medium-sized fruits, large insects and sometimes small lizards. They have unmusical nasal grunting or buzzing calls.
Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
Black-tailed Tityra.jpg Tityra cayana Black-tailed tityra Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Brazil
Masked Tityra.jpg Tityra semifasciata Masked tityra Mexico, through Central America, to northwestern and central South America (as far south as Paraguay).
Black-crowned tityra.jpg Tityra inquisitor Black-crowned tityra Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.
Another species, the white-tailed tityra (Tityra leucura), is generally considered a variant of the black-crowned tityra, but recent evidence suggests it may be a valid species restricted to the Brazilian Amazon near the Madeira River.[6]
References
Vieillot 1816, p. 39.
Jobling 2010, p. 387.
Prum, Rick (2007). "Proposal (313): Adopt the Family Tityridae". South American Classification Committee.
Stiles & Skutch 1989.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Cotingas, manakins, tityras, becards". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
Whittaker, Andrew (2008). "Field evidence for the validity of White-tailed Tityra Tityra leucura Pelzeln, 1868". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 128: 107–113.
Sources
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, UK: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander F. (1989). A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca, NY, USA: Comstock Publishing Associates. ISBN 978-0-8014-2287-4.
Vieillot, Louis Jean Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self.
Hilty, Birds of Venezuela ISBN 978-0-7136-6418-8
ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
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