Quiscalus quiscula(*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Icteridae
Genus: Quiscalus
Species: Quiscalus quiscula
Subspecies: Q. q. quiscula – Q. q. stonei – Q. q. versicolor
Name
Quiscalus quiscula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Gracula quiscula (protonym)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 109 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: سوادية مألوفة
български: Обикновен трупиал
català: Quíscal comú
čeština: Vlhovec nachový
Cymraeg: Gregl gyffredin
dansk: Sortgrackel
Deutsch: Purpur-Grackel
English: Common Grackle
Esperanto: Komuna kviskalo
español: Zanate común
فارسی: زاغ آمریکایی معمولی
suomi: Purppuraturpiaali
français: Quiscale bronzé
magyar: Északi csónakfarkú
íslenska: Blásóti
italiano: Gracchio comune americano
日本語: オオクロムクドリモドキ
Nederlands: Glanstroepiaal
norsk: Glanstrupial
Diné bizaad: Chʼagiitseenézí dootłʼizhígíí
polski: Wilgowron mniejszy
português: Rabo-de-quilha
русский: Обыкновенный гракл
slovenčina: Vlhovec lesklý
svenska: Mindre båtstjärt
українська: Ґракл звичайний
中文: 普通擬八哥
The common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) is a large icterid found in large numbers through much of North America. First described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, the common grackle has three subspecies. Adult common grackles have a long and dark bill, pale yellow eyes, and a long tail. Adults often have an iridescent appearance on their head, especially males. Common grackles are found in much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains.
Taxonomy
The common grackle was first described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of Systema Naturae, as Gracula quiscula. It was assigned to the genus Quiscalus by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in his 1816 Dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle.[2]
Three subspecies are recognized:[3][4]
the Florida grackle (Q. q. quiscula) (Linnaeus 1758), the nominate subspecies
the purple grackle (Q. q. stonei) (Chapman, 1935)[5]
the bronzed grackle (Q. q. versicolor) (Vieillot, 1816)
Description
Iridescent male common grackle
Adult common grackles measure from 28 to 34 cm (11 to 13 in) in length, span 36–46 cm (14–18 in) across the wings, and weigh 74–142 g (2.6–5.0 oz).[6] Common grackles are less sexually dimorphic than larger grackle species, but the differences between the sexes can still be noticeable. The male, which averages 122 g (4.3 oz), is larger than the female, at an average of 94 g (3.3 oz).[7] Adults have a long, dark bill, pale yellowish eyes, and a long tail; their feathers appear black with purple, green, or blue iridescence on the head, and primarily bronze sheen in the body plumage. Adult females, beyond being smaller, are usually less iridescent; their tails in particular are shorter, and unlike the males, do not keel (display a longitudinal ridge) in flight and are brown with no purple or blue gloss. Juveniles are brown with dark brown eyes.
When grackles are in a group, they are referred to as a "plague".[8]
Distribution and habitat
CommonGrackle
Common grackle, mating display in Central Park, New York
Common grackle in Central Park
The breeding habitat is open and semiopen areas across North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The nest is a well-concealed cup in dense trees (particularly pine) or shrubs, usually near water; sometimes, the common grackle nests in cavities or in man-made structures. It often nests in colonies, some being quite large. Bird houses are also a suitable nesting site. Four to seven eggs are in a clutch.
This bird is a permanent resident in much of its range. Northern birds migrate in flocks to the Southeastern United States. The distribution of the common grackle is largely explained by annual mean temperature, and the species has expanded its range by greater than three-fold since the last glacial maximum, approximately 22,000 years ago.[9]
Ecology and behavior
Foraging and diet
Grackle close up, standing by intact and pulled corn sprouts. Common grackles damage corn by pulling up newly sprouted plants.
The common grackle forages on the ground, in shallow water, or in shrubs; it may steal food from other birds. It is omnivorous, eating insects, minnows, frogs, eggs, berries, seeds, grain, and even small birds and mice. Grackles at outdoor eating areas often wait eagerly until someone drops some food. They rush forward and try to grab it, often snatching food out of the beak of another bird. Grackles prefer to eat from the ground at bird feeders, making scattered seed an excellent choice of food for them. Grackles can be regularly seen foraging for insects, especially after a lawn trimming.
Grackles have a unique adaptation in the keel within their bill which allows them to crack and cut hard nuts or kernels. The keel projects downward from the horny palate and is sharper and more abrupt anterior. It extends below the level of the tomium and is used in a sawing motion to score open acorns or dried kernels. Large adductor muscle within their jaw compared to other icterids also makes this adaptation even more useful for opening hard seeds and acorns.[10]
Along with some other species of grackles, the common grackle is known to practice "anting", rubbing insects on its feathers possibly to apply liquids such as formic acid secreted by the insects.
Vocals
The grackle's song is particularly harsh, especially when these birds, in a flock, are calling. Songs vary from year-round chewink chewink to a more complex breeding season ooo whew, whew, whew, whew, whew call that gets faster and faster and ends with a loud crewhewwhew! It also occasionally sounds like a power line buzzing. The grackle can also mimic the sounds of other birds or even humans, though not as precisely as the mockingbird, which is known to share its habitat in the Southeastern United States.
Breeding
In the breeding season, males tip their heads back and fluff up feathers to display and keep other males away. This same behavior is used as a defensive posture to attempt to intimidate predators. Male common grackles are less aggressive toward one another, and more cooperative and social, than the larger boat-tailed grackle species.
Relationship with humans
The range of this bird expanded west as forests were cleared. In some areas, it is now considered a pest by farmers because of its large numbers and fondness for grain. Despite a currently robust population, a recent study by the National Audubon Society of data from the Christmas Bird Count indicated that populations had declined by 61% to a population of 73 million from historic highs of over 190 million birds.[11] As a result, it is now classified by the IUCN as Near Threatened.
Unlike many birds, the common grackle benefits from the expansion of human populations due to its resourceful and opportunistic nature. Common grackles are considered to be a serious threat to crops by some, and are notoriously difficult to control; this usually requires the use of hawks or similar large birds of prey.[12]
Proposed magnetoreceptivity
Though the exact mechanism is poorly understood, several studies have examined the ability of the common grackle to interpret the Earth's magnetic field—or in this case, the variability of it. The common grackle (like most of its Quiscalus relatives) has been found to be attuned to a dynamic magnetic field to a scientifically significant degree.[13]
References
BirdLife International (2018). "Quiscalus quiscula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22724320A131484290. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724320A131484290.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Oberholser, Harry (October 1919). "Races of Quiscalus quiscula". The Auk. 36 (4): 549–555. doi:10.2307/4073352. JSTOR 4073352.
"Quiscalus quiscula". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "New World warblers & oropendolas, Bananaquit". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Chapman, Frank (January 1935). "Further Remarks on the Relationships of the Grackles of the Subgenus Quiscalus". The Auk. 52 (1): 21–29. doi:10.2307/4077103. JSTOR 4077103.
"Common Grackle". Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
"Quiscalus quiscula, common grackle". Animal Diversity Web.
Murphy-Hiscock, Arin (January 2012). Birds - A Spiritual Field Guide: Explore the Symbology and Significance of These Divine Winged Messengers. Adams Media. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4405-2688-6.
Capainolo, Peter; Perktaş, Utku; Fellowes, Mark D.E. (July 1, 2020). "Late Quaternary Range Dynamics in the Common Grackle Quiscalus quiscula". Ardea. 108 (1): 95. doi:10.5253/arde.v108i1.a8. ISSN 0373-2266.
Beecher, William (1951). "Adaptations for Food-Getting in the American Blackbirds" (PDF). The Auk. 68 (4): 420–422. doi:10.2307/4080840. JSTOR 4080840.
Strassburg, Matthew David (November 2011). The evaluation of Christmas Bird Counts as an indicator of population trends and habitat selection in blackbirds and starlings (PDF) (MSc). North Dakota State University. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
"Murder Most Fowl". Time. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007.
Schnell, Gary D.; Dubois, Robert L.; Hutchison, Victor H. (1992). "Natural and Induced Remanent Magnetism in Birds" (PDF). The Auk. 109 (1): 43–56. doi:10.2307/4088265. JSTOR 4088265 – via Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma.
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