Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Thraupidae
Genus: Paroaria
Species: P. baeri – P. capitata – P. coronata – P. dominicana – P. gularis – P. nigrogenis
Name
Paroaria Bonaparte, 1832
Typus: Fringilla cucullata Vieillot = Loxia coronata J. F. Miller, 1776 = Paroaria coronata
Synonyms
Calyphtrophorus Cabanis, 1847 ReisenBrit.-Guiana(Schomburgk) p. 678 BHL
Coccopsis Reichenbach, 1850 In Cabanis Mus.Hein. p. 145 BHL
Paroria (orth. err.)
References
Primary references
Bonaparte, C.L. 1831. Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli Animali Vertebrati a sangue freddo. Giornale Arcadico di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 52 (October, November, December): 129–209. BHL Amphibia & Reptilia: 130–154; Pisces: 155–189. Aggiunte e correzione relativa agli animale vertebrati a sangue caldo. Mammalia: 190–198; Aves: 199–209. Reference page. p. 206
Additional references
Dávalos, L.M. & Porzecanski, A.L. 2009. Accounting for molecular stochasticity in systematic revisions: species limits and phylogeny of Paroaria. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53(1): 234–248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.06.003 Open access Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Cardinal-tanagers
español: Cardenales; cardenillas
suomi: Punapääkardinaalit
português: Cardeais
Paroaria, the red-headed cardinals or cardinal-tanagers (as they are not close to the Cardinalidae), are a genus of tanagers. They were until recently placed in the family Emberizidae.
Five or six species are placed here. They are all very similar-looking birds, with heads resembling that of a northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis, a true member of the Cardinalidae), though they are somewhat more slender, in particular the rather tanager-like bill.
Their coloration is also typical; they are quite unlike any Cardinalidae, though they bear a passing resemblance to adult male rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus). Like these, they are white below and dark above (grey to blackish in the case of Paroaria). But unlike P. ludovicianus, they have no conspicuous pattern except for the head, which has large amounts of bright red; it may be predominantly so or patterned red-and-black. Almost all Paroaria have at least a short crest. The bill is yellowish below or in its entirety.
Taxonomy and species list
The genus Paroaria was introduced in 1832 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte with the red-crested cardinal as the type species.[2][3] The name is from Tiéguacú paroára, a name for a small yellow, red and grey bird in the extinct Tupi language.[4]
The genus contains six species:[5]
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Red-crested cardinal
|
Paroaria coronata (Miller, JF, 1776) |
Northern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil's Rio Grande do Sul and southern part of the Pantanal. Introduced to the Hawaiian Islands. |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Red-cowled cardinal
|
Paroaria dominicana (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Brazil. |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Red-capped cardinal
|
Paroaria gularis (Linnaeus, 1766)
Two subspecies
|
Guianas, Venezuela, eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, northern and eastern Bolivia and the Amazon basin in Brazil. |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC |
| Masked cardinal
|
Paroaria nigrogenis (Lafresnaye, 1846) |
Trinidad, far north-eastern Colombia and northern Venezuela |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crimson-fronted cardinal
|
Paroaria baeri Hellmayr, 1907 |
Brazil |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
| Yellow-billed cardinal
|
Paroaria capitata (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837) |
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and northern Argentina. Introduced to the Hawaiian islands. |
Size: Habitat: Diet: |
LC
|
References
"Thraupidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1832). "Aggiunte e correzioni relative agli animali vertebrati a sangue caldo". Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, Lettre ed Arti (in Italian). 52: 190–209 [206].
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 212.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
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