Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Parvordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea
Familia: Corvidae
Genus: Nucifraga
Species: N. caryocatactes - N. columbiana – N. multipunctata
Name
Nucifraga Brisson, 1760
Typus
Corvus caryocatactes Linnaeus, 1758 = Nucifraga caryocatactes
References
Ornithologie 1: 30.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Neutkraker
العربية: كسار البندق
brezhoneg: Torrer-kraoñ
čeština: Ořešník
dansk: Nøddekrige
English: Nutcracker
Esperanto: Nucifrago
español: Cascanueces
eesti: Mänsak
فارسی: فندقشکن
français: Cassenoix
Frysk: Nutekreakers
Gaeilge: Cnóire
עברית: קיק אגוזים
italiano: Nocciolaia
latviešu: Riekstroži
മലയാളം: നട്ട്ക്രാക്കർ
Nederlands: Notenkraker
polski: Orzechówka
پښتو: کيشکره
русский: Кедровки
саха тыла: Оҥололор уустара
slovenčina: Orešnica
svenska: Nötkråkor
татарча/tatarça: Эрбетчеләр
中文: 星鸦属
The nutcrackers (Nucifraga) are a genus of three species of passerine bird, in the family Corvidae, related to the jays and crows.
The genus Nucifraga was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the spotted nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) as the type species.[1][2] The genus name is a New Latin translation of German Nussbrecher, "nut-breaker".[3]
Extant species
The genus contains three species:[4]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Nucifraga caryocatactes | spotted nutcracker | Europe and Asia |
 |
Nucifraga multipunctata | Kashmir nutcracker | the Himalayas |
 |
Nucifraga columbiana | Clark's nutcracker | western North America |
The most important food resources for these species are the seeds (pine nuts) of various pines (Pinus sp.), principally the cold-climate (far northern or high altitude) species of white pine (Pinus subgenus Strobus) with large seeds: P. albicaulis, P. armandii, P. cembra, P. flexilis, P. koraiensis, P. parviflora, P. peuce, P. pumila, P. sibirica and P. wallichiana, and also the pinyon and lacebark pines. In some regions, where none of these pines occur, the seeds of spruce (Picea sp.) and hazelnuts (Corylus sp.) form an important part of the diet too. Their bills are specialized tools for extracting seeds from pine cones.
Surplus seed is always stored for later use, and it is this genus that is responsible for the re-establishment of their favoured pines over large areas either burnt in forest fires or cleared by man. The nutcracker can store as many as 30,000 pine nuts in a single season, remembering the location of as many as 70% of their stash, even when buried in snow.[5] Nutcrackers will cache seeds as far as 32 kilometres (20 mi) away from parent plants, about eight times farther than related dispersers like jays and crows, and are thus important in re-establishing forests and responding to climate change.[6]
Various insects are also taken, including bee and wasp larvae, and also birds' eggs and nestlings, and carrion if it is found.
Nesting is always early in this genus, so as to make the best use of pine nuts stored the previous autumn. The nest is usually built high in a conifer. There are normally 2–4 eggs laid and incubated for 18 days. Both sexes feed the young which are usually fledged by about 23 days and stay with their parents for many months, following them to learn food storage techniques.
None of the species are migratory, but they will leave their usual ranges if a cone crop failure causes a food shortage.
References
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 30, Vol. 2, p. 58.
Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 256.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Crows, mudnesters, birds-of-paradise". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
"Yellowstone" BBC2, episode 3"
Tomback, Diana F. (2016). "7". In Sekercioglu, Cagan; Wenny, Daniel G.; Whelan, Christopher J. (eds.). Why birds matter: avian ecological function and ecosystem services. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 201. ISBN 022638263X.
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