Nucifraga caryocatactes Photo: Michael Lahanas
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea
Familia: Corvidae
Genus: Nucifraga
Species: Nucifraga caryocatactes
Subspecies:
Northern "caryocatactes group": N. c. caryocatactes – N. c. japonica – N. c. macrorhynchos – N. c. rothschildi
Southeastern "hemispila group": N. c. hemispila – N. c. interdicta – N. c. macella – N. c. owstoni
Name
Nucifraga caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Corvus caryocatactes (protonym)
Nucifraga hemispila Vigors, 1831 (hemispila group when treated as a separate species)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 106. Open access Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: خساف
башҡортса: Баян ҡош
беларуская: Арэхаўка
български: Сокерица
brezhoneg: Torrer-kraoñ brizhellek
català: Trencanous
kaszëbsczi: Òrzesznica
čeština: Ořešník kropenatý
Cymraeg: Malwr cnau
dansk: Nøddekrige
Deutsch: Tannenhäher
Ελληνικά: Καρυοθραύστης
English: Spotted Nutcracker
Esperanto: Nuksrompulo
español: Cascanueces
eesti: Mänsak
euskara: Intxaurjale
فارسی: فندقشکن خالدار
suomi: Pähkinähakki
føroyskt: Krákukárn
français: Cassenoix moucheté
Frysk: Nutekreaker
עברית: קיק אגוזים מנוקד
magyar: Fenyőszajkó
հայերեն: Մայրահավ
íslenska: Hnotkráka
italiano: Nocciolaia
日本語: ホシガラス
ქართული: მეთხილია
қазақша: Самыркеш
коми: Перк
кыргызча: Чаар карга
lietuvių: Riešutinė
latviešu: Riekstrozis
македонски: Лешникарка
монгол: Бидэрт самарчшаазгай
кырык мары: Ронгыж
नेपाली: वनसर्रा
Nederlands: Notenkraker
norsk nynorsk: Nøttekråke
norsk: Nøttekråke
polski: Orzechówka zwyczajna
پنجابی: دھبیانوالا گری توڑنا
português: Quebra Nozes
română: Alunar
русский: Кедровка
саха тыла: Оҥоло
slovenčina: Orešnica perlavá
slovenščina: Krekovt
српски / srpski: Лешњикара - Lešnjikara
svenska: Nötkråka
Türkçe: Göknar kargası
татарча / tatarça: Эрбетче
українська: Горіхівка
The northern nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes), previously known as spotted nutcracker and Eurasian nutcracker, is a passerine bird in the crow family Corvidae. It is slightly larger than the Eurasian jay but has a much larger bill and a slimmer looking head without any crest. The feathering over its body is predominantly chocolate brown with distinct white spots and streaks. The wings and upper tail are virtually black with a greenish-blue gloss.
The northern nutcracker is one of four currently-recognized species of nutcracker. The southern nutcracker (Nucifraga hemispila) and the Kashmir nutcracker (Nucifraga multipunctata) were formerly considered as subspecies of the northern nutcracker. The species complex was known by the English name "spotted nutcracker". The other member of the genus, Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana), occurs in western North America.
Taxonomy
Skeleton
The northern nutcracker was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name Nucifraga caryocatactes.[2] The scientific name is a reduplication; nucifraga is a Neo-Latin translation of German Nussbrecher, "nut-breaker" based on Latin nucis "nut", and frangere "to shatter",[3] and caryocatactes based on Greek: karuon "nut", and kataseio "to shatter".[4] The common English name nutcracker first appears in 1693 in a translation of a German travel guide,[5][6] where it is a calque on the German name Nußknacker,[7] as the bird was not recorded in England until 1753.[4] Other Germanic languages have etymologically related names: Danish: nøddekrige; Dutch: notenkraker; Norwegian: nøttekråke; Swedish: nötkråka.[citation needed]
Subspecies
There are four recognised subspecies:[8]
N. c. caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe
N. c. macrorhynchos Brehm, CL, 1823 – Ural Mts. to east Siberia and northeast China
N. c. rothschildi Hartert, EJO, 1903 – Kazakhstan to northwest China
N. c. japonica Hartert, EJO, 1897 – Kuril Islands and north Japan
Description
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The northern nutcracker is a dark brown, broad-winged, short-tailed corvid. Body plumage is mid-to-dark chocolate brown, heavily spotted with white on face, neck, mantle and underparts. It has a large white loral spot, a white eye-ring, blackish-brown cap extending onto the nape, dark blackish wings with a greenish-blue gloss, all white vent, and dark tail with white corners above and a white terminal band on the undertail. In flight, broad wings, white vent and short tail are noticeable; the flight undulating. The black bill is slender and rather long, sharply pointed, and varies in size amongst races. The iris, legs and feet are black.
Nutcrackers range from 32–38 cm in length (from tip of beak to tip of tail) and have a wingspan ranging from 49–53 cm.
Duration: 47 seconds.0:47
Northern nutcracker call. Savoie, French Alps
The voice is similar to that of the Eurasian jay and is loud and harsh. It is described as kraak-kraak-kraak-kraak.
Behaviour
Feeding
In western Uttarakhand, India
The most important food resources for this species are the seeds (pine nuts) of various pines (Pinus sp.), principally the cold-climate (far northern and high altitude) species of white pine (Pinus subgenus Strobus) with large seeds: P. armandii, P. bungeana, P. cembra, P. gerardiana, P. koraiensis, P. parviflora, P. peuce, P. pumila, P. sibirica and P. wallichiana. In some regions, where none of these pines occur, the seeds of spruce (Picea sp.) and hazel nuts (Corylus sp.) form an important part of the diet too. The forms that take hazel nuts have thicker bills for cracking their hard shells, with a special ridge on the inside of the bill edge near the base. If the shell is too hard, it holds the nut between its feet and hacks at it with its bill like a chisel.[citation needed]
A special adaptation is found in the tongue of the nutcracker. The tip of the tongue forks with two long pointed appendages which are keratinized into nail like surfaces. This is thought to help them handle and shell conifer seeds.[9]
Surplus seed is always stored for later use and it is this species that is responsible for the sowing of new trees of their favoured pines, including the re-establishment of the Swiss pine (Pinus cembra) over large areas in the Alps of central Europe formerly cleared by man.[citation needed]
Various insects are also taken, and also small birds, their eggs and nestlings, small rodents and carrion such as roadkills. It digs out bumble bee and wasp nests avidly to get at the grubs.[citation needed]
Breeding
Egg of northern nutcracker
Nutcracker couples stay together for life and their territory expands between 20 and 30 acres. Nesting is always early in this species across its whole range, so as to make the best use of pine nuts stored the previous autumn. The nest is usually built high in a conifer (sometimes broadleaved trees are used) and usually on the sunny side. There are normally 2-4 eggs laid and incubated for 18 days. Both sexes feed the young which are usually fledged by about 23 days and stay with their parents for many months, following them to learn the food storage techniques essential for survival in their harsh environment.
Distribution
The northern nutcracker has an extensive range forming a broad swathe east–west from Scandinavia right across northern Europe, Siberia and to eastern Asia, including Japan, inhabiting the huge taiga conifer forests in the north.[citation needed]
Three further disjunct populations occur in mountain conifer forests further south, one centered on the mountains of central and southeast Europe (the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula mountains); another in the western Himalayas; and the third in western China seaboard and separated from the northern population by a relatively small gap in the north centre of China. See subspecies list above for race distributions. Some of the populations can be separated on bill size.[citation needed]
This species has a large range, extending over 10,000,000 km2 globally. It also has a large global population, with an estimate of between 800,000-1,700,000 individuals in Europe.[10]
Northern nutcrackers are not migratory, but will erupt out of range when a cone crop failure leaves them short of a food supply, the thin-billed eastern race macrorhynchos being the more likely to do this.[11] Britain records very sporadic vagrants, but in 1968 over 300 nutcrackers visited Britain as part of a larger irruption into western Europe, probably due to a spell of early cold weather in Siberia.[4]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Nucifraga caryocatactes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T103727252A87382835. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103727252A87382835.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 105.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"BTO Web: BirdFacts > crows > Nutcracker". 16 July 2010.
"Nutcracker". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
John Ray. A Collection of Curious Travels and Voyages.. Vol. II xi. 181.
See, for example, Brehms Thierleben. Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs, Fünfter Band, Zweite Abtheilung: Vögel, Zweiter Band: Raubvögel, Sperlingsvögel und Girrvögel. Leipzig: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1882. S. 446-450.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Crows, mudnesters, birds-of-paradise". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
Jackowiak, Hanna; Skieresz-Szewczyk, Kinga; Kwieciński, Zbigniew; Trzcielińska-Lorych, Joanna; Godynicki, Szymon (2010). "Functional Morphology of the Tongue in the Nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes)" (PDF). Zoological Science. 27 (7): 589–594. doi:10.2108/zsj.27.589. PMID 20608848. S2CID 44736491.
"BirdLife International. Data Zone. Species factsheet: Nucifraga caryocatactes. Downloaded 20/11/2008".
Lars Svensson et al. (1999), Collins Bird Guide. London: HarperCollins, p. 332.
中文: 星鴉
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