Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Thamnophilida
Familia: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Myrmotherula
Species: M. ambigua – M. assimilis – M. axillaris – M. behni – M. brachyura – M. cherriei – M. fluminensis – M. grisea – M. ignota – M. iheringi – M. klagesi – M. longicauda – M. longipennis – - M. luctuosa – M. menetriesii – M. minor – M. multostriata – M. pacifica – M. schisticolor – M. sclateri – M. snowi – M. sunensis – M. surinamensis – M. unicolor – M. urosticta
Name
Myrmotherula P.L. Sclater, 1858
Typus: Muscic [apae] brachyurae Hermann, 1783 = Myrmotherula brachyura
Synonyms
Myrmophila Cabanis & Heine, 1859 Mus.Hein. p. 12
Myrmotherium Cabanis & Heine, 1859 Mus.Hein. p. 12 footnote
Myrmopagis Ridgway, 1909 Proc.Biol.Soc.Wash. p. 69
Poliolaema Chubb, 1918 Ann.Mag.nat.Hist. p. 124
Myrmetherula [variation]
Myrmotheula [variation]
Mormotherula [variation]
References
Primary references
Sclater, P.L. 1858. Synopsis of the American Ant-Birds (Formicariidae) Part II. Containing the Formicivorinae or Ant-Wrens. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pt. 26 no. 362: 232–254. BHL Reference page. Original description p. 234 BHL
Additional references
Isler, M.L., Isler, P.R. & Whitney, B.M. 1999. Species limits in antbirds (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae): the Myrmotherula surinamensis complex. The Auk 116(1):83-96. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Isler, M.L. & Isler, P.R. 2003. Species limits in the pygmy antwren complex (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae); 1. The taxonomic status of Myrmotherula brachyura ignota. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 116(l):23-28. Full article (PDF)Reference page.
Isler, M. L., D. R. Lacerda, P. R. Isler, S. J. Hackett, K. V. Rosenberg, and R. T. Brumfield. 2006. Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 119(4):522-527. DOI: 10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[522:EANGOA]2.0.CO;2 Full article viewReference page.
Belmonte-Lopes, R., Bravo, G.A., Bornschein, M.R., Maurício, G.N., Pie, M.R. & Brumfield, R.T. 2012. Genetic and morphological data support placement of Myrmotherula gularis (Spix) in the monotypic genus Rhopias Cabanis and Heine (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Zootaxa 3451: 1–16. Preview Full article (PDF)Reference page.
Bravo, G.A.; Chesser, R.T.; Brumfield, R.T. 2012: Isleria, a new genus of antwren (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Zootaxa, 3195: 61–67. Full article (PDF)Reference page.
Miranda, L.d.S., Aleixo, A., Whitney, B.M., Silveira, L.F., Guilherme, E., Santos, M.P.D. & Schneider, M.P.C. 2013. Molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the Ihering's Antwren complex (Myrmotherula iheringi: Thamnophilidae), with description of a new species from southwestern Amazonia. In del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., Sargatal, J., & Christie, A. (Eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World. Special Volume: New Species and Global Index. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 268–271. Full article (PDF) available for download Reference page.
Bravo, G.A., Remsen, Jr., J.V. & Brumfield, R.T.. 2014. Adaptive processes drive ecomorphological convergent evolution in antwrens (Thamnophilidae). Evolution. International Journal of Organic Evolution 68: 2757–2774. Full article (PDF) DOI: 10.1111/evo.12506Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Antwrens
español: Hormigueritos
português: Choquinhas
Myrmotherula is a genus of insectivorous passerine birds in the antbird family, Thamnophilidae. These are all small antbirds, measuring 9–11.5 cm (3.5–4.5 in).
The genus was erected by the English zoologist Philip Sclater in 1858.[1] The type species is the pygmy antwren.[2]
The genus currently contains the following species:[3]
Streaked group:
Moustached antwren (Myrmotherula ignota)
Pygmy antwren (Myrmotherula brachyura)
Guianan streaked antwren (Myrmotherula surinamensis)
Amazonian streaked antwren (Myrmotherula multostriata)
Pacific antwren (Myrmotherula pacifica)
Cherrie's antwren (Myrmotherula cherriei)
Klages's antwren (Myrmotherula klagesi)
Stripe-chested antwren (Myrmotherula longicauda)
Yellow-throated antwren (Myrmotherula ambigua)
Sclater's antwren (Myrmotherula sclateri)
Grey group:
White-flanked antwren (Myrmotherula axillaris)
Silvery-flanked antwren (Myrmotherula luctuosa)
Slaty antwren (Myrmotherula schisticolor)
Rio Suno antwren (Myrmotherula sunensis)
Salvadori's antwren (Myrmotherula minor)
Long-winged antwren (Myrmotherula longipennis)
Band-tailed antwren (Myrmotherula urosticta)
Ihering's antwren (Myrmotherula iheringi)
Rio de Janeiro antwren (Myrmotherula fluminensis)
Yungas antwren (Myrmotherula grisea)
Unicolored antwren (Myrmotherula unicolor)
Alagoas antwren (Myrmotherula snowi)
Plain-winged antwren (Myrmotherula behni)
Grey antwren (Myrmotherula menetriesii)
Leaden antwren (Myrmotherula assimilis)
Several species previously included in this genus as the "stipple-throated group" have now been transferred to a new genus, Epinecrophylla based on a 2006 study of nest architecture, foraging behaviour and vocal repertoire.[3][4] A molecular genetic study published in 2012 found that the genus was not monophyletic.[5] As a step in creating monophyletic genera, two species that were only distantly related to the other members of Myrmotherula, the rufous-bellied antwren and the plain-throated antwren, were moved to the newly erected genus Isleria.[3][5] A further study published in 2014 confirmed that the species remaining in Myrmotherula formed a paraphyletic group with respect to the genera Terenura, Formicivora, Stymphalornis and Myrmochanes.[6]
References
Sclater, Philip Lutley (1858). "Synopsis of the American Ant-birds (Formicariidae). Part II containing the Formicivorinae or Ant-wrens". Part 26: 232–254 [234].
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1951). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 7. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 188.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Antbirds". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
Isler, M.L.; Lacerda, D.R.; Isler, P.R.; Hackett, S.J.; Rosenberg, K.V.; Brumfield, R.T. (2006). "Epinecrophylla, a new genus of antwrens (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 119 (4): 522–527. doi:10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[522:EANGOA]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86322876.
Bravo, G.A.; Chesser, R.T.; Brumfield, R.T. (2012). "Isleria, a new genus of antwren (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)". Zootaxa. 3195: 61–67. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3195.1.5.
Bravo, G.A.; Remsen, J.V.; Brumfield, R.T. (2014). "Adaptive processes drive ecomorphological convergent evolution in antwrens (Thamnophilidae)". Evolution. 68 (10): 2757–2774. doi:10.1111/evo.12506. PMID 25135629. S2CID 25309573. See also Supporting Information Figure S.1
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