Microhierax melanoleucos

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Falconiformes

Familia: Falconidae
Subfamilia: Falconinae
Genus: Microhierax
Species: Microhierax melanoleucos
Name

Microhierax melanoleucos (Blyth, 1843)

Original combination: Ierax melanoleucos

Synonyms

Microhierax melanoleucus

References

The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 12 p. 179
Vernacular names
čeština: Sokolík černobílý
Deutsch: Elsterfälkchen
English: Pied Falconet
español: falconete pío
Nederlands: Bonte dwergvalk

The pied falconet, (Microhierax melanoleucos) is a species of bird of prey in the family Falconidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Hong Kong, India, Laos, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.

These raptors belong to the genus Microheriax, which includes the smallest bird of prey species in the world. The pied falconet, also known as the white-legged falconet,[2] nests in old woodpecker cavities. The species is listed as least concern because of its large home range and stable population size.[1]
Contents

1 Description
2 Taxonomy
3 Habitat and Distribution
4 Behavior
4.1 Vocalization
4.2 Diet
4.3 Reproduction
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links

Description

The pied falconet is a small black and white raptor, measuring between 7-7 ½ inches and weighing between 55 and 75 g. However it is still larger than the other members of the genus Microhierax.[3] Its face is white with a prominent black patch covering the eyes reaching to the ear coverts with a yellowish beak. The upper parts, including the crown, are completely black. The primaries are black with white wing bars. Its long tail has black upper parts and is black with white bars from below.[3][4] The Pied falconet display no sexual dimorphism and the juveniles strongly resemble adult males.[5]

The five species belonging to the genus Microheriax are the smallest members of the order Falconiformes. While they have a very distinct morphology compared to other birds of prey, within the genus Microhierax, they are quite similar. These are allopatric species, except for M. fringillarius and M. latifrons, and mostly likely play very similar ecological roles in each of the habitats as a result of the morphological similarities within the genus.[6] M. melanoleucos is distinguishable from these other members by its white thighs and the lack of chestnut coloration. They are sometimes mistaken for Ashy Woodswallow (Artamus fuscus), however the Pied falconet has blacker upper parts compared to the grey-ash color seen on the Ashy Woodswallow.[5]
Taxonomy

The pied falconet belongs to the family Falconidae of the order Falconiformes. The family Falconidae is split into two subfamilies, the Herpetotherinae and the Falconinae. The subfamily Falconinae is then also split into two tribes. The Caracini include five Neotropical genera: Daptrius, Ibycter, Milvago, Caracara and Phalcoboenus. The Falconini include the genera Polihierax, Falco, Spiziaptteryx and Microhierax.[7] The species belonging to the genera Polihierax and Microhierax are the smallest diurnal raptors in the world.[8] The pied falconet is one of the five species in the genus Microhierax. The four other species of this genus are:[9]

Collared falconet, Microheriax caerulescens
Black-thighed falconet, Microhierax fringillarius
White-fronted falconet, Microhiera latifrons
Philippine falconet, Microhierax erythrogenys

Habitat and Distribution

The pied falconet ranges from north-eastern India to east China and south-east Asia. They are found in deciduous forest edges and clearings in wooded foothills.[10] This species likes clearing such as old cultivation lands with banks and stream. They are usually perched on tree tops while occasionally flying off to catch prey. These are not migratory birds, they are a resident species, staying in the same area for most of the year.[10][5]
Behavior
Vocalization

This species produces a shrill, high pitched scream and chattering whistle.[3] During the breeding season, the male will produce a rapid sequence of calls to the female as a courtship behavior before mating. The call starts as high-pitched and excited and then slows until the female decides to mate. Afterwards, the male will continue to call for a few more seconds.[11]
Diet

Insects comprise most of the pied falconet's diet, but it also includes small mammals, reptiles and birds.[5] A falconet catches its prey while flying over it and catching it mid-flight or by plucking it out of the foliage of the surrounding trees.[12] Despite being small, pied falconets are quite fast and powerful, allowing them to catch prey as big as themselves or slightly larger.[2]
Reproduction

The pied falconet's breeding season is from March until May. In the early breeding season, the males will initiate interest in mating to a female by presenting leaves to them. The male flies off and returns to a perched female and presents a leaf that he has gathered for the female. Later in the breeding season, usually before copulation, the males will bob up and down very frequently in front of the female while calling frantically. Copulation takes place after this behavior.[11] These small raptors nest in old barbet or woodpecker holes and lay their eggs on a bed of leaves or grass.[4] There have also been recordings of the nesting cavities being filled with insect remains instead of leaves. The females lay three to four eggs which are white in color.[5]

The pied falconet shares many similarities in courtship and mating behavior with the Collard falconet (Microheriax caerulescens). The leaf presenting courtship behavior was first observed in the Collard falconet. The Collard falconet is also known to breed cooperatively. Cooperative breeding is another behavior that is also suspected for the Blacked-thighed falconet (Microhierax fringillarius) and for the other Microhierax species.[6] The Pied falconet can be seen in groups of 5 or 6 which suggest that they may also breed cooperatively.[11]

References

BirdLife International (2016). "Microhierax melanoleucos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696339A93556011. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696339A93556011.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Ramsay., MacKinnon, John (2000). A field guide to the birds of China. Phillipps, Karen., He, Fen-qi. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198549413. OCLC 42597710.
Brazil, Mark (2009-01-01). Birds of East Asia: China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Russia. A&C Black. ISBN 9780691139265.
Caldwell, Harry R.; Caldwell, John C.; Caldwell, Muriel E. (1931). South China Birds. Shanghai: H.M. Vanderburgh. pp. 250–251.
Brown, Lesilie; Amadon, Dean (1968). Eagles, hawks and falcons of the world. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw-Hill.
KEMP, ALAN C.; CROWE, TIMOTHY M. (2008-06-28). "Morphometrics of falconets and hunting behaviour of the Black-thighed Falconet Microhierax fringillarius". Ibis. 136 (1): 44–49. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1994.tb08130.x. ISSN 0019-1019.
Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa (2004-07-01). "Phylogeny of the Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 101–109. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.019. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 15186800.
Griffiths, Carole S. (1999). "Phylogeny of the Falconidae Inferred from Molecular and Morphological Data". The Auk. 116 (1): 116–130. doi:10.2307/4089459. JSTOR 4089459.
British Museum. Department of Zoology (1874). Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 1. London.
Grimmett, Richard (2012). Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Inskipp, Carol, 1948-, Inskipp, Tim. (2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691153490. OCLC 773987289.
Allen, Desmond; Holt, Paul I; Hornbuckle, Jon (2002). "Leaf-presenting as possible courtship behaviour by Pied Falconets Microhierax melanoleucos". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 99 (3): 518–520.
Kemp, A.; Van Zyl, A. (1998). "Co-operative breeding by Collared Falcoonets Microhierax caerulescens". Forktail (13): 131–132. ISSN 0950-1746.