Micrastur plumbeus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Falconiformes

Familia: Falconidae
Subfamilia: Herpetotherinae
Genus: Micrastur
Species: Micrastur plumbeus
Name

Micrastur plumbeus W.L. Sclater, 1918
References

Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 38 p. 44 BHL

Links

IUCN: Micrastur plumbeus (Vulnerable)

Vernacular names
čeština: Sokolec tmavý
Cymraeg: Hebog coed llwyd
English: Plumbeous forest falcon
Esperanto: Plumba mikrasturo
español: Halcón montés plomizo
français: Carnifex plombé
magyar: Egysávos erdeisólyom
Nederlands: Sclaters bosvalk
svenska: blygrå skogsfalk

The plumbeous forest-falcon (Micrastur plumbeus) is a bird of prey in the family Falconidae only found in the Chocó region in Colombia and Ecuador. This rare bird has not been often spotted, which makes its study complicated. For a long time, it was considered to be part of the lined forest-falcons but it now known to be a species of its own.[2] It is currently considered a vulnerable species because of the precarity of its habitat that is threatened by deforestation.[3]

Description

The adult plumbeous forest-falcon has a grey back and a grey head with very bright orange legs and face. Their breast is barred and paler than their back, and their belly is more whitish towards the tail. This raptor has a black tail with a white tip and a white band in the middle, going across the whole width. Their irides are dark brown. The individuals are 30-34 cm (13 in) long and females are bigger than males.[4] As a matter of fact, females weigh 180-213g and males weigh 172-188g.[2]

Immature individuals look similar besides a whiter breast[4] and beige-ish irides, clearer than in mature individuals.[5]

Forest-falcons usually have long tails and round wings, but the plumbeous forest-falcon has a shorter tail and long wings.[6]
Taxonomy

For some time, it had been debated whether the plumbeous forest-falcon was a lined forest-falcon (Micrastur gilvicollis) or a subspecies of the latter because of their resemblance.[2] As it turned out, these birds were two different species. Their territorial distributions are completely separate.

M. plumbeus and M. ruficollis interestes live in the same environment but do not interbreed, or even interfere with each other. They are sympatric and syntonic.[5] The plumbeous forest-falcon differentiated about 3 million years ago after the split between trans- and cis-Andean South American populations.[7] The closure of the Panama seaway, due to a drier and cooler climate linked to the formation of ice sheets at higher latitudes, may have highly contributed to the isolation of the plumbeous forest-falcon. [8]

Forest-falcons are part of the sub-family Herpetotherinae. This clade's and Polyborinae's species are usually found in forests and wetlands.[9]
Habitat and Distribution

The plumbeous forest-falcon is endemic to the south of the Chocó region in South America. This region extends in the south-west of Colombia and the north-west of Ecuador. This bird lives all-year long in forest lowlands and foothill forests; it is not a migratory bird. The elevation of its habitat varies from the sea level to approximately 1500m of altitude.[2] One research project studying a few pairs of this species found that their territory extended over 35-40 ha.[5]
Conservation status

This species has been classified as vulnerable by the IUCN because of habitat loss.[2] Deforestation is touching more territories and the plumbeous forest-falcon's habitat is being destructed. It is an unprotected species that needs to be studied more extensively to help its conservation.[3] Efforts should be focused on the Chocó area where this organism is solely contained.[8]
Behavior
Vocalizations

MicrasturPlumbeusGronvold.jpg

Songs and calls
Listen to the plumbeous forest-falcon on xeno-canto

Two main types of vocalizations are known for this bird. They produce some yapping kew notes every 1.5 - 2.5s, as well as series of cah cah cah-cah-cah that may be sung by pairs.[2] Three types of calls and songs are known for the forest falcons. The most common one is the "territorial advising song". The plumbeous forest-falcon repeat series of five notes to claim his territory. Furthermore, the "excited cackling call" and the "quacking song" are also heard from Micrastur species, even though less often then the first call. Two members of the same species sometimes sing in a pair.[5]
Diet

Due to the lack of study, the diet of this forest-falcon is not perfectly known. However, it is most probable that it is an opportunistic predator feeding on small vertebrates and large invertebrates. Land crabs, birds and lizards were found in the digestive system of a few individuals.[2] Its main source of food is thought to be lizards.[5] Moreover, this family of birds prey on forest-dwelling birds and rodents.[6]

They have two principal ways to forage. With the first one, they remain on the ground while running after the prey that they eventually catch with their feet. They keep their tail high when they chase the prey. The second technique consists of being perched about 2m above the ground, looking for sounds and movements in the leaf litter and then jumping on the detected prey.[5]
Reproduction

The plumbeous forest-falcon's reproduction is not really known but it probably sets up its nests in tree cavities.[2] As a matter of fact, other members of the Micrastur family that have been more studied, such as the collared forest-falcon and the barred forest-falcon, nest in trees.[10]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Micrastur plumbeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696275A93553190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696275A93553190.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Bierregaard, Richard O.; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Marks, Jeffrey S. (2020-03-04). "Plumbeous Forest-Falcon (Micrastur plumbeus)". Birds of the World.
Bierregaard, RO (1998). "Conservation status of birds of prey in the South American tropics" (PDF). Journal of Raptor Research. 32: 19 – via SORA journals.
Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-12762-7.
WHITTAKER, ANDREW (December 2002). "A New Species of Forest-Falcon (Falconidae: Micrastur) from Southeastern Amazonia and the Atlantic Rainforests of Brazil". The Wilson Bulletin. 114 (4): 421. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0421:ansoff]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0043-5643.
S., Fowler, Murray E. Cubas, Zalmir (2001). Biology, medicine, and surgery of South American wild animals. Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-2846-5. OCLC 45419037.
Soares, Leonardo Moura dos Santos; Bates, John; Carneiro, Lincoln Silva; Santos, Marcos Pérsio Dantas; Aleixo, Alexandre (April 2019). "Molecular systematics, biogeography and taxonomy of forest‐falcons in the Micrastur ruficollis species complex (Aves: Falconidae)". Journal of Avian Biology. 50 (4). doi:10.1111/jav.01943. ISSN 0908-8857. S2CID 109070719.
Fuchs, Jérôme; Chen, Steven; Johnson, Jeff A.; Mindell, David P. (September 2011). "Pliocene diversification within the South American Forest falcons (Falconidae: Micrastur)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 60 (3): 398–407. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.05.008. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21621621.
Fuchs, Jérôme; Johnson, Jeff A.; Mindell, David P. (January 2015). "Rapid diversification of falcons (Aves: Falconidae) due to expansion of open habitats in the Late Miocene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 166–182. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.010. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 25256056.
Thorstrom, Russell K.; Turley, Charles W.; Ramirez, Feliciano Gutierrez; Gilroy, Beth Ann (February 1990). "Descriptions of Nests, Eggs, and Young of the Barred Forest-Falcon (Micrastur ruficollis) and of the Collared Forest-Falcon (M. semitorquatus)". The Condor. 92 (1): 237–239. doi:10.2307/1368405. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1368405.