Melaenornis chocolatinus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Muscicapoidea
Familia: Muscicapidae
Genus: Melaenornis
Species: Melaenornis chocolatinus
Subspecies: M. c. chocolatinus - M. c. reichenowi
Name
Melaenornis chocolatinus (Rüppell, 1840)
Synonyms
Dioptrornis chocolatinus
References
Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig, entdeckt und beschrieben von Dr. Eduard Rüppell. Vögel.: 107.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Braundrongoschänpper
English: Abyssinian slaty flycatcher
Esperanto: Ĉokolada muŝkaptulo
español: Papamoscas Chocolate
français: Gobemouche chocolat
The Abyssinian slaty flycatcher (Melaenornis chocolatinus), also known as Abyssinian flycatcher, Abyssinian black flycatcher or Abyssinian chocolate flycatcher, is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae, the Old World flycatchers. It is often placed in the genus Dioptrornis. It is native to Africa, where it occurs in Eritrea and Ethiopia.[1]
Description
The Abyssinian slaty flycatcher is a rather dingy, nondescript grey brown bird which normally perches with the typical vertical posture of an Old World flycatcher. It has a yellow eye set in a plain brownish face, the upperparts are dark sooty brown and the underparts are buff brown.[3] It measures 15–16 cm (5.9–6.3 in) in length and weights 20–25 g (0.71–0.88 oz).[4]
Voice
It makes various "tseep" calls and has a harsh chiiering alarm call.[3]
Distribution and subspecies
There are two currently recognised subspecies of Abyssinian slaty flycatcher[2] and they are listed below with their distributions:[4]
Melaenornis chocolatinus chocolatinus (Rüppell, 1840): central Eritrea and north and central Ethiopia.
Melaenornis chocolatinus reichenowi (Neumann, 1902): western Ethiopia.
Habitat
The Abyssinian slaty flycatcher occurs in mid to high altitude forest, woodland edges, clearings, in agricultural land[5] and in suburbs, where it can be found in large gardens and parks.[3]
Habits
The Abyssinian slaty flycatcher hunts in a typical flycatcher manner, sallying from a perch to catch insects in flight. It is suspected to breed in January to February and March to June in Ethiopia with enlarged gonads recorded from specimens taken in June, December and March to May.[4] The nest is cup shaped and is placed at a narrow fork of a horizontal tree branch, the clutch consists of 3 blue-grey, blotched eggs.[6]
Taxonomy
The Abyssinian slaty flycatcher forms a superspecies with the Angola slaty flycatcher and the white-eyed slaty flycatcher, and these three species are sometime placed in the genus Dioptrornis, or lumped as a single species but the allapatry and morphological differences shown support their treatment as allospecies. The results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 led to a reorganization of the Old World flycatchers family in which the four species in Bradornis and the single species in Sigelus together with the Dioprornis species were merged into Melaenornis.[7][8]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Melaenornis chocolatinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22709061A94190741. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22709061A94190741.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
"Dioptrornis chocolatinus (Rüppell, 1840)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (https://www.itis.gov). Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Sinclair, Ian; Ryan, Peter (2003). Birds of Africa south of the Sahara. Struik. p. 546. ISBN 1-86872-857-9.
"Abyssinian Slaty-flycatcher (Melaenornis chocolatinus))". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Archived from the original on 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Aerts, R.; Lerouge, F.; November, E. (2019). Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District. SpringerNature. ISBN 978-3-030-04954-6.
"Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher". Birdforum Opus. Birdforum.net. Archived from the original on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 20 June 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.
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