uperregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Fringillidae
Subfamilia: Carduelinae
Genus: Linaria
Species: Linaria flavirostris
Subspecies: L. f. altaica – L. f. bensonorum – L. f. brevirostris – L. f. flavirostris – L. f. kirghizorum – L. f. korejevi – L. f. miniakensis – L. f. montanella – L. f. pamirensis – L. f. pipilans – L. f. rufostrigata
Name
Linaria flavirostris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Fringilla flavirostris (protonym)
Carduelis flavirostris
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 182. Reference page.
IOC
Vernacular names
asturianu: Pardín prietu
беларуская: Горная чачотка
български: Жълтоклюно конопарче
brezhoneg: Lineg beg melen
català: Passerell becgroc
čeština: Konopka žlutozobá
Cymraeg: Llinos y Mynydd
dansk: Bjergirisk
Deutsch: Berghänfling
English: Twite
Esperanto: Flavbeka kardelo
español: Pardillo piquigualdo
eesti: Mägi-kanepilind
euskara: Txoka mokohori
فارسی: سهره کوهی
suomi: Vuorihemppo
føroyskt: Íriskur
français: Linotte à bec jaune
Frysk: Heidebarmke
Gaeilge: Gleoiseach shléibhe
Gàidhlig: Gealan beinne
galego: Liñaceiro de bico amarelo
Gaelg: Bytermyn slieau
hrvatski: Gorska juričica
magyar: Sárgacsőrű kenderike
հայերեն: Լեռնային Վժասարեկ
íslenska: Lyngfinka
italiano: Fanello nordico
日本語: キバシヒワ
ქართული: მთის ჭვინტა
қазақша: Tау шоңайнағы
kernowek: Lynek meneth
Lëtzebuergesch: Groe Fluessfänkelchen
Limburgs: Sjteinkneuter
lietuvių: Geltonsnapis čivylis
latviešu: Kalnu ķeģis
монгол: Улаан цэгцүүхэй
Nedersaksies: Bearmken
Nederlands: Frater
norsk nynorsk: Bergirisk
norsk: Bergirisk
polski: Rzepołuch
português: Pintarroxo-de-bico-amarelo
rumantsch: Chanvalin da muntogna
русский: Горная чечётка
Scots: Muir lintie
davvisámegiella: Dálveruoivil
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Gorska juričica
slovenčina: Stehlík horský
slovenščina: Severni repnik
српски / srpski: Планинска јуричица
svenska: Vinterhämpling
Türkçe: Sarı gagalı keten kuşu
українська: Чечітка гірська
West-Vlams: Noordfriljoen
walon: Linet å djaene betch
中文: 黄嘴朱顶雀
The twite (Linaria flavirostris) is a small brown passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
It is similar in size and shape to a linnet, at 13 to 13.5 cm (5.1 to 5.3 in) long. It lacks the red head patch and breast shown by the linnet and the redpolls. It is brown streaked with black above, and a pink rump. The underparts are buff to whitish, streaked with brown. The conical bill is yellow in winter and grey in summer. The call is a distinctive twit, from which its name derives,[2] and the song contains fast trills and twitters.[3] Twites can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixed with other finches on coasts and salt marshes. They feed mainly on seeds.
The twite breeds in northern Europe and across the Palearctic to Siberia and China. Treeless moorland is favoured for breeding. It builds its nest in a bush, laying 5–6 light blue eggs.[4] It is partially resident, but many birds migrate further south, or move to the coasts.[5] It has declined sharply in parts of its range, notably in Ireland.[6]
In the UK, the twite is the subject of several research projects in the Pennines, the Scottish Highlands and on the North Wales and Lancashire coastlines. Records show that the birds to the east of the Pennine hills move to the southeast coast in winter and those to the west winter between Lancashire and the Hebrides. The Welsh population winters almost exclusively in Flintshire. Ringing data has revealed that twite breeding in different parts of Britain use different non‐breeding areas, and that non-breeding areas of British twite do not overlap with non-breeding areas of continental twite. [7]
Taxonomy
In 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus included the twite in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Fringilla flavirostris.[8][9] The genus name linaria is the Latin for a linen-weaver, from linum, "flax" and flavirostris means "yellow-billed".[10] The twite and the closely related linnets were at one time placed in the genus Carduelis but were moved to a separate genus Linaria based on a phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences.[11][12]
There are 10 recognised subspecies:[11]
L. f. bensonorum (Meinertzhagen, R, 1934) - Outer Hebrides (western Scotland) (sometimes included in pipilans)[13]
L. f. pipilans (Latham, 1787) - northern Ireland and northern Britain
L. f. flavirostris (Linnaeus, 1758) - northern Scandinavia and northwestern Russia
L. f. brevirostris (Bonaparte, 1855) - Turkey, the Caucasus and northern Iran
L. f. kirghizorum (Sushkin, 1925) - northern and central Kazakhstan
L. f. korejevi (Zarudny & Harms, 1914) - northeastern Kazakhstan to northwestern China
L. f. altaica (Sushkin, 1925) - southwestern Siberia, northern and western Mongolia
L. f. montanella (Hume, 1873) - Kyrgyzstan to western China
L. f. pamirensis (Zarudny & Harms, 1914) - Tajikistan, northern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan (sometimes included in montanella)[13]
L. f. miniakensis (Jacobi, A, 1923) - eastern Tibet and western China
L. f. rufostrigata (Walton, 1905) - western and southern Tibet, northern India and northern Nepal
References
BirdLife International (2017). "Linaria flavirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22720438A111128447. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720438A111128447.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
"Twite". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Clement, Harris & Davis 1993, pp. 246–247
Perrins 1987, p. 196
Newton 1973
BirdWatch.Ireland. "Irish Twite danger". BirdLife Europe. BirdLife International. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
Dunning, J.; Finch, T.; Davison, A.; Durrant, K.L. (2020). "Population‐specific migratory strategies of Twite Linaria flavirostris in Western Europe". Ibis. 162 (2): 273–278. doi:10.1111/ibi.12791.
Paynter, Raymond A. Jnr., ed. (1968). Check-list of birds of the world, Volume 14. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 253.
Linnaeus, C. (1766). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 182.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 161, 227. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Clement, P. "Twite (Carduelis flavirostris)". In del Hoyo, J; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 6 June 2015.(subscription required)
Works cited
Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows: An Identification Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03424-9.
Newton, Ian (1973). Finches. The New Naturalist Library 55. New York: Taplinger. ISBN 0-8008-2720-1.
Perrins, Christopher M. (1987). New Generation Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75532-5.
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