Euphonia

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea

Familia: Fringillidae
Subfamilia: Euphoniinae
Genus: Euphonia
Species: E. affinis – E. anneae – E. cayennensis – E. chalybea – E. chlorotica – E. chrysopasta – E. concinna – E. finschi – E. fulvicrissa – E. godmani – E. gouldi – E. hirundinacea – E. imitans – E. jamaica – E. laniirostris – E. luteicapilla – E. mesochrysa – E. minuta – E. pectoralis – E. plumbea – E. rufiventris – E. saturata – E. trinitatis – E. violacea – E. xanthogaster

Species moved to Chlorophonia: E. cyanocephala – E. elegantissima – E. musica
[sec. IOC 11.2.]
Name

Euphonia Desmarest, 1806

Typus: Euphonia minuta Cabanis, 1849

Synonyms

Cyanophonia Bonaparte, 1851 Revue Mag.Zool. p. 138 BHL
Acroleptes Cabanis, 1861 J.Ornithol. p. 89 BHL
Hypophaea Cabanis, 1861 J.Ornithol. p. 90 BHL
Phonasca Cabanis, 1861 J.Ornithol. p. 330 BHL

References
Primary references

Desmarest, A.G. 1805. Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers. Imprimerie de H. Perronneaeu. Paris. BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.119558 Reference page. pl. 27 text BHL

Additional references

Zuccon, D., Prŷs-Jones, R., Rasmussen, P.C., & Ericson, P.G.P. 2012. The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2): 581–596. Full text (PDF). DOI: .1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 Reference page.
Imfeld, T.S., Barker, F.K. & Brumfield, R.T.. 2020. Mitochondrial genomes and thousands of ultraconserved elements resolve the taxonomy and historical biogeography of the Euphonia and Chlorophonia finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae). The Auk 137(3): 1–25 DOI: 10.1093/auk/ukaa016 Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: Euphonias
español: Eufonias

Euphonias are members of the genus Euphonia, a group of Neotropical birds in the finch family. They and the chlorophonias comprise the subfamily Euphoniinae.

The genus name is of Greek origin and refers to the birds' pleasing song, meaning "sweet-voiced" (εὖ eu means "well" or "good" and φωνή phōnē means "sound", hence "of good sound").

Most male euphonias are dark metallic blue above and bright yellow below. Many have contrasting pale foreheads and white undertails. Some have light blue patches on the head and/or orangish underparts. Females much more plain, predominantly olive-green all over. They range in overall length from 9 to 11 cm (3+1⁄2 to 4+1⁄2 in). They eat small fruit and berries, particularly mistletoe (Loranthaceae). Some species may also eat some insects.[2]

Euphonias were once considered members of the tanager family, Thraupidae.[3] A molecular phylogenetic study of the finch family Fringillidae published in 2012 included 9 species from the genus Euphonia and a single species from the genus Chlorophonia, the blue-naped chlorophonia. The resulting cladogram showed the blue-naped chlorophonia nested within the Euphonia clade implying that the genus Euphonia is paraphyletic.[4] The genus was introduced in 1806 by the French zoologist Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest in his Histoire naturelle des tangaras, des manakins et des todiers with the white-vented euphonia as the type species.[5][6]

A taxonomic analysis published in 2020 found that the genus Euphonia was paraphyletic with respect to Chlorophonia. To resolve the paraphyly the authors of the study proposed the resurrection of the genus Cyanophonia that had been introduced in 1851 by Charles Lucien Bonaparte. They suggested that the Antillean euphonia (Cyanophonia musica) should be the type species. The proposed genus would contain three species: the Antillean euphonia, the golden-rumped euphonia and the elegant euphonia. An alternative and simpler way to resolve the paraphyly would be move the three species from Euphonia into Chlorophonia, which has been followed by the IOC.[7]
Species list

The genus contains 24 species:[8]

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Jamaican euphonia	Euphonia jamaica	Jamaica
	Orange-crowned euphonia	Euphonia saturata	Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
	Plumbeous euphonia	Euphonia plumbea	Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
	Purple-throated euphonia	Euphonia chlorotica	Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.
	Finsch's euphonia	Euphonia finschi	Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and eastern Venezuela.
	Velvet-fronted euphonia	Euphonia concinna	Colombia
	Trinidad euphonia	Euphonia trinitatis	Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.
	West Mexican euphonia	Euphonia godmani	Mexico
	Scrub euphonia	Euphonia affinis	Belize, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua and along the Atlantic coastal lowlands in Costa Rica.
	Yellow-crowned euphonia	Euphonia luteicapilla	Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama
	White-lored euphonia	Euphonia chrysopasta	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
	White-vented euphonia	Euphonia minuta	southern Mexico south along the Pacific coast to northwestern Ecuador, the second across northern South America from the eastern Andean foothills as far east as the state of Pará in Brazil, and south to northern Bolivia.
	Green-chinned euphonia	Euphonia chalybea	northeastern Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay.
	Violaceous euphonia	Euphonia violacea	Trinidad, Tobago and eastern Venezuela south to Paraguay and northeastern Argentina.
	Yellow-throated euphonia	Euphonia hirundinacea	from Belize south to western Panama
	Thick-billed euphonia	Euphonia laniirostris	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.
	Spot-crowned euphonia	Euphonia imitans	Costa Rica and Panama.
	Olive-backed euphonia	Euphonia gouldi	southern Mexico to western Panama.
	Fulvous-vented euphonia	Euphonia fulvicrissa	Colombia
	Tawny-capped euphonia	Euphonia anneae	Colombia, Costa Rica, and Panama.
	Orange-bellied euphonia	Euphonia xanthogaster	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela.
	Bronze-green euphonia	Euphonia mesochrysa	Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
	Golden-sided euphonia	Euphonia cayennensis	Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and eastern Venezuela.
	Rufous-bellied euphonia	Euphonia rufiventris	Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.
	Chestnut-bellied euphonia	Euphonia pectoralis	Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.

The black-throated euphonia ("Euphonia vittata") is now thought to be a hybrid between the chestnut-bellied euphonia and the orange-bellied euphonia.
References

"Fringillidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive". Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 15 July 2015.(subscription required)
Banks, Richard C.; Cicero, Carla; Dunn, Jon L.; Kratter, Andrew W.; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Rising, James D.; Stotz, Douglas F. (2003). "Forty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds". The Auk. 120 (3): 923–931. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0923:FSTTAO]2.0.CO;2.
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. Bibcode:2012MolPE..62..581Z. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Desmarest, Anselme Gaëtan (1806). Histoire naturelle des tangaras, des manakins et des todiers (in French). Paris: Garnery. p. 35 and plate 27 (pages and plates are not numbered).
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 340.
Imfeld, Tyler S.; Barker, F. Keith; Brumfield, Robb T. (2020). "Mitochondrial genomes and thousands of ultraconserved elements resolve the taxonomy and historical biogeography of the Euphonia and Chlorophonia finches (Passeriformes: Fringillidae)". The Auk. 137 (3). doi:10.1093/auk/ukaa016.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.