Eos histrio (Information about this image)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittaculidae
Subfamilia: Loriinae
Genus: Eos
Species: Eos histrio
Subspecies: E. h. challengeri – E. h. histrio – E. h. talautensis
Name
Eos histrio (Muller, 1776)
Original combination: Psittacus histrio
References
Statius Müller, P.L. 1776. Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Leibarztes &c. &c. vollständigen Natursystems Supplements- und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs. Mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung. Nebst drey Kupfertafeln. pp. 1–15 + 1–384; 1–40 + 1–536, Tab. I–III. Nürnberg. (Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe). BHL Reference page. Original description: p. 76 BHL
IUCN: Eos histrio (Endangered)
Vernacular names
български: Червеносин лори
català: Lori arlequí
Cymraeg: Lori goch a glas
Deutsch: Diademlori
English: Red-and-blue Lory
suomi: Sinipunaluri
français: Lori arlequin
magyar: Gyémántlóri
Bahasa Indonesia: Nuri talaud
italiano: Lori rosso e blu
кырык мары: Симсӹ якшарикӓ лори
Nederlands: Diadeemlori
Diné bizaad: Tsídii yáłtiʼí yázhí łichííʼ dóó dootłʼizhígíí
русский: Синекрасный лори
svenska: rödblå lori
తెలుగు: నీలం ఎరుపు లోరీ
Türkçe: Kırmızı-mavi lori
中文: 紅藍吸蜜鸚鵡
The red-and-blue lory (Eos histrio) is a small, strikingly-colored parrot endemic to Indonesia. The species inhabits a single island, Karakelong, in the Indonesian archipelago, although it was formerly found on the Sangihe Islands and other parts of the Talaud Islands.[3]
Taxonomy
E. h. challengeri (left) and the extinct subspecies E. h. histrio (right).
There are two subspecies recognized, of which one is extinct:[4]
E. h. challengeri Salvadori, 1891 - Talaud Islands, presently only found on Karakelong
†E. h. histrio (P.L.S. Müller, 1776) - formerly found on Sangir, Siau, and Ruang, now extinct
E. h. histrio is thought to have become extinct due to deforestation.[5] The subspecies E. h. challengeri, formerly thought to have existed on Miangas or Nenusa, was also previously thought to have been driven to extinction, with the populations on the Talaud Islands belonging to the subspecies E. h. talautensis.[5][6] However, the purported range of challengeri has never been established and is thus thought to be erroneous, so it was synonymized with E. h. talautensis by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022, thus "reviving" challengeri as an extant subspecies.[7]
Description
The red-and-blue lory is roughly 12 inches (30 cm) in length, including the tail. The species is sexually monomorphic, i.e. sexes are visually alike.[8]
The beak is short, sharply curved, and bright orange. The feathers nearest the cere (the area nearest the nostrils) are bright red. The crown of the head is intense purple. The back of the head is red, and the nape of the neck is intense violet. An indigo-violet stripe runs diagonally from the cere corner to the nape of the neck. The bird's plumage is mostly bright red. The rump and lower belly are a slightly deeper red. The breast has a broad band of deep blue. Extending the color from the nape, the bird's back is a deep violet purple. Wing and tail flight feathers - rectrices and remiges - are between red and red-violet. The wing covert feathers are black and red with black tips. The leg feathers are bluish-purple. The feet are medium gray, and the claws are black. The cere is very dark gray, and the irises of the eyes are dark brown.[3]
The red-and-blue lory's voice consists of short, harsh chattering screeches.[9] Their flight is said to be quick and straight.[10]
Distribution and habitat
The red-and-blue lory is now confined to the Talaud Islands off northern Sulawesi, Indonesia, where almost all individuals appear to inhabit a single island (Karakelang). Further populations, some apparently introduced, disappeared during the 20th century from Sangihe, Siau and Tagulandang. The population is thought to be in rapid decline.
The birds inhabit forests from sea level to about 1,500 meters above sea level. The population is only sustainable or viable on Karakelang, and their population on that island is fragmented into approximately four locations. This restricted range makes them very vulnerable to potential extinction.[9]
Ecology
These parrots are strictly arboreal, meaning they spend their lives in the trees. They do not forage on the ground.[3][8] The species eats a primarily nectar- and pollen-based diet, like most lories and lorikeets. It supplements its diet with occasional insects and fruit.[8][10] The red-and-blue lory is said to be raucous and noisy in the wild, but to be silent while feeding.[8]
Mature trees are needed for nesting, and logging sometimes selectively removes these trees, which constitutes a threat to the specie's survival.[9] Clutch size is 2 eggs, with a hatching time of 25–26 days.[8] Outside of the breeding season, the species forms social flocks, which congregate in palm plantations.[10] While the species is nonmigratory, they are said to fly between neighboring islands in search of food.[10]
Most lories and lorikeets have a lifespan of 10–15 years in captivity, so although the lifespan of this species is not definitively known, it can be possibly inferred from the lifespans of similar species. Very rare in commercial aviculture,[8] successful breeding has only been reported once in the scientific literature.
Conservation
Specimen in a zoo
The red-and-blue lory is currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN. The species is also listed as CITES Appendix I, meaning that all commercial international trade in wild-caught individuals is prohibited. Illegal trade continues, however, with 80% of the illegally taken or 'poached' specimens being shipped to the neighboring Philippines.[1]
Threats to the population include illegal trapping for the pet trade, insecticide spraying on coconut plantations, logging or habitat degradation, and exotic Newcastle disease from escaped domestic poultry.[9] Due to their striking appearance, these parrots have been valued as pets or cage birds in Indonesia and the Philippines since the 19th century. They have been trapped for commercial trade since that time. Only since the late 1990s did the trapping decrease. Loose enforcement of international and national laws has contributed to the decline of the species. These bird are fully protected by Indonesian law as well as CITES. Logging activities, even in their nature preserve home, also threaten the species. Population-wise, two of the three subspecies, including the nominate or definitive subspecies, are presumed extinct, and the remaining subspecies is on the decline. Only 5,500–14,000 red-and-blue lories remain in the wild.[9]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Eos histrio". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684502A93032979. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684502A93032979.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
"Red-and-blue lory videos, photos and facts - Eos histrio". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
"Parrots, cockatoos – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-05-13.
Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012). Extinct Birds. A & C Black. ISBN 978-1408157251.
Forshaw, J.; Knight, F. (2017). Vanished and Vanishing Parrots: Profiling Extinct and Endangered Species. CSIRO. pp. 132–136. ISBN 9780643096325.
"Subspecies Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2022-05-13.
Trust, World Parrot. "Red-and-blue Lory (Eos histrio) | Parrot Encyclopedia". www.parrots.org. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
"Red-and-blue Lory (Eos histrio) - BirdLife species factsheet". www.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
"Lexicon of Parrots". www.arndt-verlag.com. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
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