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Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Tyrannida
Familia: Tyrannidae
Genus: Elaenia
Species: Elaenia albiceps
Subspecies: E. a. albiceps – E. a. diversa – E. a. griseigularis – E. a. modesta – E. a. urubambae
Name
Elaenia albiceps (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
Synonyms
Muscipeta albiceps (protonym)
References
Primary references
d’Orbigny, A. & de Lafresnaye, F. 1837. Synopsis Avium, in ejus per Americam meridionalem itinere, collectarum et ab ipso viatore necnon. Magasin de zoologie 7(2):1–88, pl. 77-79. p. 47 BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Rheindt, F. E., Christidis, L., & Norman, J.A. 2009. Genetic introgression, incomplete lineage sorting and faulty taxonomy create multiple cases of polyphyly in a montane clade of tyrant-flycatchers (Elaenia, Tyrannidae). Zoologica Scripta 38: 143-153. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00369.x Abstract Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: White-crested elaenia
español: Fiofío crestiblanco
日本語: シラギクタイランチョウ
português: Guaracava-de-crista-branca
The white-crested elaenia (Elaenia albiceps) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It has several subspecies breeding across southern and western parts of South America. Southern birds migrate north in winter.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Description
The white-crested elaenia easily is recognizable as an elaenia by the combination of drab plumage (primarily dull green above, and whitish below); wings with conspicuous wing bars (pale tips to the greater and median wing coverts); slightly crested appearance, with a semi-concealed white center to the crown; and upright posture. small-billed elaenia, lesser elaenia and sierran elaenia cannot always be distinguished in the field. The length of the species ranges from 13.5 to 15 cm (5.3–5.9 in) and weight is 12.5–24.3 grams (0.44–0.86 oz), with an average of 16.3 grams (0.57 oz).
Subspecies
At least five subspecies are recognized:[2]
Elaenia albiceps griseigularis - Sclater, PL, 1859: found from southwestern Colombia to northwestern Peru
Elaenia albiceps diversa - Zimmer, JT, 1941: found in north-central Peru
Elaenia albiceps urubambae - Zimmer, JT, 1941: found in southeastern Peru
Elaenia albiceps albiceps - (D'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837): found in extreme southeastern Peru and northwestern Bolivia
Elaenia albiceps modesta - Tschudi, 1844: found in western Peru and northwestern Chile. This subspecies has distinctly different vocals and may potentially be re-classified as a separate species, the Peruvian elaenia.[3]
A sixth subspecies, E. a. chilensis - Hellmayr, 1927, found in Bolivia, Argentina and Chile is further recognized by some authorities as a separate species, the Chilean elaenia.
Distribution and habitat
The white-crested elaenia is a permanent resident in the central and southwestern coastal Andean region of South America in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and northernmost Chile. Also, in most of Argentina, mostly western, and southern and central Chile, Tierra del Fuego, it is also resident.
To the north and east in northeast Brazil, the Amazon Basin, and in the Amazonian Andes regions of eastern Colombia, Peru, and northern Bolivia southeastwards into eastern Brazil, white-crested elaenia is a non-breeding resident bird, in the austral winter. In the entirety of South America, two thirds of its range is as a non-breeding migratory species. It is a vagrant to the Falkland Islands and in 2008 a bird was found in Texas, a potential first for the United States and North America. A second bird was reported in Chicago in 2012.[4]
Like many other species of Elaenia, white-crested elaenia is found in a variety of wooded habitats. Throughout most of its breeding distribution in the Andes, white-crested elaenia is found at forest edge, in second growth, and in scrub. In at least some areas, it breeds in drier intermontane valleys, rather than the more humid forests occupied by Sierran elaenia, but the habitat relationships between the two species have not been studied in detail. In northwestern Argentina, where white-crested elaenia overlaps with small-billed elaenia, there is some degree of segregation by habitat: small-billed elaenia breeds in tall woods, and primarily below 1,500 m (4,900 ft), whereas white-crested elaenia occurs in smaller trees and in agricultural areas, at elevations from 1,500 to 3,500 metres (4,900 to 11,500 ft).
Behavior and ecology
It regularly consumes small fruit, at least when not breeding, but takes small insects as well. It also eats a large variety of foods such as grass, berries, seeds, and nuts. The white-crested elaenia typically is solitary, but, at least when not breeding, may congregate with other frugivores at fruiting trees. Aggregations of up to 100 individuals have been reported during migration.
The oldest known white-crested elaenia from banding studies was eight years and two months old, though it is uncertain whether this represents the maximum potential longevity of the species.[5]
References
BirdLife International (2019). "Elaenia albiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22699271A155514417. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699271A155514417.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
IOC Bird List v.6.3
Jaramillo, A., 2003
CBS News. "Rare South American bird spotted in Chicago". CBS News. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jiménez, Jaime and Rozzi, Ricardo ‘¿Cuanto Viven las Aves des Bosque más Australia del Planeta?’; UNAB y la Unión de Ornitólogos realizan X Congreso de Ornitología
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