Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Drepanididae
Genera: †Aidemedia – †Chloridops – †Ciridops – †Drepanis – †Dysmorodrepanis – Hemignathus – Himatione – Loxioides – Loxops – Melamprosops – Oreomystis – †Orthiospiza – Palmeria – Paroreomyza – Pseudonestor – Psittirostra – †Rhodacanthis – Telespiza – †Vangulifer – Vestiaria – †Xestospiza
Name
Drepanididae Cabanis, 1847
Vernacular names
Note:
ICZN Opinion 1046 (1976) definitively determined the name of this taxon to be Drepanididae and not Drepanidae, a name in use in the Lepidoptera.
Hawaiian honeycreepers are a group of small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaiʻi. They are closely related to the rosefinches in the genus Carpodacus, but many species have evolved features unlike those present in any other finch. Their great morphological diversity is the result of adaptive radiation in an insular environment. Many have been driven to extinction since the first humans arrived in Hawaii, with extinctions increasing over the last 2 centuries following European discovery of the islands, with habitat destruction and especially invasive species being the main causes.[1][2]
Taxonomy
Before the introduction of molecular phylogenetic techniques, the relationship of the Hawaiian honeycreepers to other bird species was controversial. The honeycreepers were sometimes categorized as a family Drepanididae,[3] other authorities considered them a subfamily, Drepanidinae, of Fringillidae, the finch family. The entire group was also called Drepanidini in treatments where buntings and American sparrows (Passerellidae) were included in the finch family; this term is preferred for just one subgroup of the birds today.[4][5] Most recently, the entire group has been subsumed into the finch subfamily Carduelinae.[2][6]
The Hawaiian honeycreepers are the sister taxon to the Carpodacus rosefinches. Their ancestors are thought to have been from Asia and diverged from Carpodacus about 7.2 million years ago, and they are thought to have first arrived and radiated on the Hawaiian Islands between 5.7-7.2 million years ago, which was roughly the same time that the islands of Ni'ihau and Kauai formed. The lineage of the recently extinct po'ouli (Melamprosops) was the most ancient of the Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages to survive to recent times, diverging about 5.7-5.8 million years ago. The lineage containing Oreomystis and Paroreomyza was the second to diverge, diverging about a million years after the po'ouli's lineage. Most of the other lineages with highly distinctive morphologies are thought to have originated in the mid-late Pliocene, after the formation of Oahu but prior to the formation of Maui. Due to this, Oahu likely played a key role in the formation of diverse morphologies among honeycreepers, allowing for cycles of colonization and speciation between Kauai and Oahu.[7]
A phylogenetic tree of the recent Hawaiian honeycreeper lineages is shown here. Genera or clades with question marks (?) are of controversial or uncertain taxonomic placement.[7][8]
The classification of Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera and forming the second most basal group is based on genetic and molecular evidence, and has been affirmed by numerous studies; however, when morphological evidence only is used, Paroreomyza is instead the second most basal genus, with Oreomystis being the third most basal genus and more closely allied with the derived Hawaiian honeycreepers, as Oreomystis shares traits with the derived honeycreepers, such as a squared-off tongue and a distinct musty odor, that Paroreomyza does not. This does not align with the genetic evidence supporting Paroreomyza and Oreomystis as sister genera, and it would be seemingly impossible for only Paroreomyza to have lost the distinctive traits but Oreomystis and all core honeycreepers to have retained or convergently evolved them, thus presenting a taxonomic conundrum.[8]
Viridonia (containing the greater ʻamakihi) may be associated with or even synonymous with the genus Aidemedia (containing the prehistoric icterid-like and sickle-billed gapers), and has the most debated taxonomy; it was long classified within the "greater Hemignathus" radiation (a now-paraphyletic grouping containing species formerly lumped within Hemignathus, including Hemignathus, Akialoa, and Chlorodrepanis) and while some sources speculate it as being sister to Chlorodrepanis (containing the lesser ʻamakihis), other sources speculate it may be a sister genus to the genus Loxops (containing the 'akepas, ʻakekeʻe and ʻalawī).[8]
Characteristics
Nearly all species of Hawaiian honeycreepers have been noted as having a unique odor to their plumage, described by many researchers as "rather like that of old canvas tents".[9][10]
Today, the flowers of the native ʻōhiʻa (Metrosideros polymorpha) are favored by a number of nectarivorous honeycreepers. The wide range of bill shapes in this group, from thick, finch-like bills to slender, down-curved bills for probing flowers have arisen through adaptive radiation, where an ancestral finch has evolved to fill a large number of ecological niches. Some 20 species of Hawaiian honeycreeper have become extinct in the recent past, and many more in earlier times, following the arrival of humans who introduced non-native animals (ex: rats, pigs, goats, cows) and converted habitat for agriculture.[11][12]
Genera and species
The term "prehistoric" indicates species that became extinct between the initial human settlement of Hawaiʻi (i.e., from the late 1st millennium AD on) and European contact in 1778.
Subfamily Carduelinae
Drepanidini
Genus Aidemedia Olson & James, 1991 – straight thin bills, insectivores[13]
Aidemedia chascax Olson & James, 1991 – Oʻahu icterid-like gaper (prehistoric)
Aidemedia lutetiae Olson & James, 1991 – Maui Nui icterid-like gaper (prehistoric)
Aidemedia zanclops Olson & James, 1991 – sickle-billed gaper (prehistoric)
Genus Akialoa Olson & James, 1995 – pointed, long and down-curved bills, insectivorous or nectarivorous
Akialoa ellisiana Gray, 1859 – Oʻahu ʻakialoa (extinct, 1940)
Akialoa lanaiensis Rothschild, 1893 – Maui Nui ʻakialoa (extinct, 1892)
Akialoa stejnegeri Wilson, 1889 – Kauaʻi ʻakialoa (extinct, 1969)
Akialoa obscura Cabanis, 1889 – lesser ʻakialoa (extinct, 1940)
Akialoa upupirostris – hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa (prehistoric)
Genus Chloridops Wilson, 1888 – thick-billed, hard seed (e.g. Myoporum sandwicense) specialist
Chloridops kona Wilson, 1888 – Kona grosbeak (extinct, 1894)
Chloridops regiskongi – King Kong grosbeak (prehistoric)
Chloridops wahi – wahi grosbeak (prehistoric)
Genus Chlorodrepanis Olson & James, 1995 – pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri Pratt, 1989 – Kauaʻi ʻamakihi
Chlorodrepanis flava Bloxam, 1827 – Oʻahu ʻamakihi
Chlorodrepanis virens Cabanis, 1851 – Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi
Genus Ciridops Newton, 1892 – finch-like, fed on fruit of Pritchardia species
Ciridops anna Dole, 1879 – ʻula-ʻai-hāwane (extinct, 1892 or 1937)
Ciridops tenax Olson & James, 1991 stout-legged finch (prehistoric)
Genus Drepanis Temminck, 1820 – down-curved bills, nectarivores
Drepanis funerea Newton, 1894 – black mamo (extinct, 1907)
Drepanis pacifica Gmelin, 1788 – Hawaiʻi mamo (extinct, 1898)
Drepanis coccinea Forster, 1780 – ʻiʻiwi
Genus Dysmorodrepanis Perkins, 1919 – pincer-like bill, possibly snail specialist
Dysmorodrepanis munroi Perkins, 1919 – Lanaʻi hookbill (extinct, 1918)
Genus Hemignathus Lichtenstein, 1839 – pointed or long and down-curved bills, insectivorous
Hemignathus affinis – Maui nukupuʻu (extinct, 1995–1998)
Hemignathus hanapepe – Kauaʻi nukupuʻu (extinct, 1998)
Hemignathus lucidus – Oʻahu nukupuʻu (extinct, 1837)
Hemignathus vorpalis James & Olson, 2003 – giant nukupu'u (prehistoric)[14]
Hemignathus wilsoni Rothschild, 1893 – ʻakiapolaʻau
Genus Himatione – thin-billed, nectarivorous
Himatione sanguinea Gmelin, 1788 – ʻapapane
Himatione fraithii – Laysan honeycreeper (extinct, 1923)
Genus Loxioides Oustalet, 1877 – finch-like, Fabales seed specialists
Loxioides bailleui Oustalet, 1877 – palila
Loxioides kikuichi Olson & James, 2006 – Kaua'i palila (prehistoric, possibly survived to the early 18th century)
Genus Loxops – small pointed bills with the tips slightly crossed, insectivorous
Loxops caeruleirostris Wilson, 1890 – ‘akeke‘e
Loxops coccineus Gmelin, 1789 – Hawaiʻi ʻakepa
Loxops ochraceus Rothschild, 1893 - Maui ʻakepa (extinct, 1988)
Loxops wolstenholmei Rothschild, 1895 – Oʻahu ʻakepa (extinct, 1990s)
Loxops mana Wilson, 1891 – Hawaiʻi creeper
Genus Magumma - small pointed bills, insectivorous and nectarivorous
Magumma parva Stejneger, 1887 - ʻanianiau
Genus Melamprosops Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – short pointed bill, insectivorous and snail specialist
Melamprosops phaeosoma Casey & Jacobi, 1974 – poʻouli (extinct, 2004)
Genus Oreomystis Wilson, 1891 – short pointed bills, insectivorous
Oreomystis bairdi Stejneger, 1887 – ʻakikiki
Genus Orthiospiza – large weak bill, possibly soft seed or fruit specialist?
Orthiospiza howarthi James & Olson, 1991 - highland finch (prehistoric)
Genus Palmeria Rothschild, 1893 – thin-billed, nectarivorous, favors Metrosideros polymorpha
Palmeria dolei Wilson, 1891 – ʻakohekohe
Genus Paroreomyza – short pointed bills, insectivorous
Paroreomyza maculata Cabanis, 1850 – Oʻahu ʻalauahio (possibly extinct, early 1990s?)
Paroreomyza flammea (Wilson, 1889) – kākāwahie (extinct, 1963)
Paroreomyza montana
Paroreomyza montana montana Wilson, 1890 – Lana'i 'alauahio (extinct, 1937)
Paroreomyza montana newtoni (Rothschild, 1893) – Maui ‘alauahio
Genus Pseudonestor – parrot-like bill, probes wood for insect larvae
Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893 – Maui parrotbill or kiwikiu
Genus Psittirostra – slightly hooked bill, Freycinetia arborea fruit specialist
Psittirostra psittacea Gmelin, 1789 – ʻōʻū (probably extinct, 1998?)
Genus Rhodacanthis – large-billed, granivorous, legume specialists[15]
Rhodacanthis flaviceps Rothschild, 1892 – lesser koa-finch (extinct, 1891)
Rhodacanthis forfex James & Olson, 2005 – scissor-billed koa-finch (prehistoric)
Rhodacanthis litotes James & Olson, 2005 – primitive koa-finch (prehistoric)
Rhodacanthis palmeri Rothschild, 1892 – greater koa-finch (extinct, 1896)
Genus Telespiza Wilson, 1890 – finch-like, granivorous, opportunistic scavengers
Telespiza cantans Wilson, 1890 – Laysan finch
Telespiza persecutrix James & Olson, 1991 – Kauaʻi finch (prehistoric)
Telespiza ultima Bryan, 1917 – Nihoa finch
Telespiza ypsilon James & Olson, 1991 – Maui Nui finch (prehistoric)
Genus Vangulifer – flat rounded bills, possibly caught flying insects
Vangulifer mirandus – strange-billed finch (prehistoric)
Vangulifer neophasis – thin-billed finch (prehistoric)
Genus Viridonia
Viridonia sagittirostris Rothschild, 1892 – greater ʻamakihi (extinct, 1901)
Genus Xestospiza James & Oslon, 1991 – cone-shaped bills, possibly insectivorous
Xestospiza conica James & Olson, 1991 – cone-billed finch (prehistoric)
Xestospiza fastigialis James & Olson, 1991 – ridge-billed finch (prehistoric)
Hawaiian honeycreepers were formerly classified into three tribes – Hemignathini, Psittirostrini, and Drepanidini – but they are not currently classified as such.
See also
Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation
List of adaptive radiated Hawaiian honeycreepers by form
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drepanidinae.
Cited references
Lerner, H.R.L.; Meyer, M.; James, H.F.; Fleischer, R.C. (2011). "Multilocus resolution of phylogeny and timescale in the extant adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. PMID 22018543.
Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825.
Clements, J. 2007. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. 6th ed. ISBN 978-0-7136-8695-1
Dickinson, E, ed. (2003). The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11701-0.
AOU Check-list of North American Birds Accessed 26 December 2007
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Lerner, Heather R.L.; Meyer, Matthias; James, Helen F.; Hofreiter, Michael; Fleischer, Robert C. (2011-11-08). "Multilocus Resolution of Phylogeny and Timescale in the Extant Adaptive Radiation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers". Current Biology. 21 (21): 1838–1844. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.039. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 22018543.
"A consensus taxonomy for the Hawaiian honeycreepers » Malama Mauna Kea Library Catalog". www.malamamaunakea.org. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
Pratt, H Douglas (2002). The Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-854653-5.
Pratt, H. Douglas (1992). "Is the Poo-uli a Hawaiian Honeycreeper (Drepanidinae)?" (PDF). The Condor. Cooper Ornithological Society. 94 (1): 172–180. doi:10.2307/1368806. JSTOR 1368806.
Olson, Storrs L.; James, Helen F (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part I. Non-Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 45 (45): 1–91. doi:10.2307/40166794. hdl:10088/1745. JSTOR 40166794.
James, Helen F.; Olson, Storrs L (1991). "Descriptions of Thirty-Two New Species of Birds from the Hawaiian Islands: Part II. Passeriformes". Ornithological Monographs. 46 (46): 1–92. doi:10.2307/40166713. hdl:10088/1746. JSTOR 40166713.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014). The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9781472905741. The genus Aidemedia is named in honor of Joan Aidem.
James, Helen F; Storrs L. Olson (2003). "A giant new species of nukupuu (Fringillidae: Drepanidini: Hemignathus) from the island of Hawaii". The Auk. 120 (4): 970–981. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0970:AGNSON]2.0.CO;2.
James, Helen F.; Johnathan P. Prince (May 2008). "Integration of palaeontological, historical, and geographical data on the extinction of koa-finches". Diversity & Distributions. 14 (3): 441–451. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00442.x.
Other references
Groth, J. G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of the cardueline finches and Hawaiian honeycreepers. Ostrich, 69: 401.
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