Dicaeum erythrorhynchos

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea

Familia: Dicaeidae
Genus: Dicaeum
Species: Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
Subspecies: D. e. ceylonense – D. e. erythrorhynchos
Name

Dicaeum erythrorhynchos (Latham, 1790: 299) [org. comb. Certhia erythrorhynchos]
References

Latham, J. 1790. Index ornithologicus, sive systema ornithologiæ; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c. Volumen I: pp. i–xviii, 1–466. Londini. (Leigh & Sotheby). BHL Reference page. [original description: p. 299]

Vernacular names
বাংলা: মেটেঠোঁট ফুলঝুরি
English: Pale-billed Flowerpecker
español: Picaflores piquirrojo
suomi: Intiankukastaja
français: Dicée à bec rouge
magyar: Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
日本語: アカハシハナドリ
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಬದನಿಕೆ ಹಕ್ಕಿ
മലയാളം: ചെങ്കൊക്കൻ ഇത്തിക്കണ്ണിക്കുരുവി
नेपाली: रातोठुँडे पुष्पकोकिल
Nederlands: Geelsnavelhoningvogel
پنجابی: ٹکل پھل ٹھونگا
svenska: Bleknäbbad blomsterpickare
தமிழ்: திக்கெல்லின் பூங்கொத்தி
Tiếng Việt: Chim sâu mỏ nhạt
中文: 淡嘴啄花鸟

The pale-billed flowerpecker or Tickell's flowerpecker (Dicaeum erythrorhynchos) is a tiny bird that feeds on nectar and berries, found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and western Myanmar. The bird is common especially in urban gardens with berry bearing trees. They have a rapid chipping call and the pinkish curved beak separates it from other species in the region.[3]

Description
Feeding on a Muntingia calabura fruit

This is a tiny bird, 8 cm long, and is one of the smallest birds occurring in most parts of southern India and Sri Lanka. The bird is plain brownish to olive green. The underside is buff olive and does not contrast greatly with the upperparts and not whitish as in the Nilgiri flowerpecker of the Western Ghats and Nilgiri hills nor is it streaked as in the thick-billed flowerpecker. The Nilgiri flowerpecker has a pale supercilium unlike this species which has no marking on the head. The Sri Lankan race ceylonense Babault, 1920 - is greyer and smaller than the nominate race of peninsular India.[3] It has been considered one of the early flowerpeckers, originating in the Malay Peninsula, to colonize the Indian Subcontinent.[4]
Behaviour and ecology

In forested areas, they often visit the flowers of Loranthus (=Dendrophthoe) and Viscum species, the seeds of which are dispersed mainly by this and other flowerpecker species.[5] The berries of these epiphytic parasites are usually swallowed whole (they sometimes pinch fruits and discard the seeds while feeding on the pulp but this technique is more often used by the syntopic thick-billed flowerpecker) and the seeds are voided after a rapid passage through their gut in about three to four minutes.[6] The voided seed has a sticky coating and the bird applies its vent to the surface of a suitable perch and may turn around so as to get rid of the seed, which then sticks onto the branch where it may subsequently germinate.[7][8][9] The flowers of Dendrophthoe falcata are pollinated by this species. The flower bud has a mechanism that causes pollen to explosively spray on the plumage of the visiting bird which nips the tips.[10][11]

In urban areas, they are particularly attracted to introduced fruit trees such as Muntingia calabura,[12] the fruits of which may be swallowed whole or, in the case of ripe berries, crushed and the pulp accessed using their tongue. They also sip nectar from flowers[13] such as those of Sterculia colorata and Woodfordia floribunda, pollinating them in the process.[14][15]
Pale-billed Flowerpecker on a Dendrophthoe falcata
Breeding

Tickell's flowerpeckers breed from February to June. A second brood may be raised in September. The nest is a small pendant purse-like structure made of cobwebs, fibre, moss and down suspended from the tip of a twig high up in a tree. The opening is a slit and a clutch of two or three eggs is laid.[16][17]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Dicaeum erythrorhynchos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22717525A94537477. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22717525A94537477.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Latham, Index Orn., vol. 1 (1790), p. 299 under Certhia erythrorhynchos
Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 544–545.
Ripley, S. Dillon (1 June 1949). "Avian Relicts and Double Invasions in Peninsular India and Ceylon". Evolution. 3 (2): 150–159. doi:10.2307/2405549. ISSN 0014-3820. JSTOR 2405549.
Ryan GM (1899). "The spread of Loranthus in the South Thana Division, Konkan". Indian Forester. 25: 472–476.
Murphy, S. R.; Nick Reid; Zhaogui Yan & W. N. Venables (1993). "Differential Passage Time of Mistletoe Fruits through the Gut of Honeyeaters and Flowerpeckers: Effects on Seedling Establishment" (PDF). Oecologia. 93 (2): 171–176. doi:10.1007/BF00317667. PMID 28313603.
Ali. S. A. (1931). "The role of the sunbirds and flowerpeckers in the propagation and distribution of the tree parasite Loranthus longiflorus Desr. in the Konkan (W. India)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 144–149.
Ali, S. (1932). "Flower-birds and bird-flowers in India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 573–605.
Davidar, P. (1985). "Ecological Interactions between Mistletoes and their Avian pollinators in South India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (1): 45–60.
Karunaichamy, Kstk; Arp, K. Paliwal & P. A (1999). "Biomass and nutrient dynamics of mistletoe (Dendrophthoe falcata) and neem (Azadirachta indica) seedlings". Current Science. 76 (6): 840–843.
Vidal-russell, Romina; Nickrent, Daniel L (2008). "Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae)". Am. J. Bot. 95 (8): 1015–1029. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800085. PMID 21632422.
Shyamal, L. (1994). "The Birds of The Indian Institute of Science Campus: Changes in the avifauna". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 34 (1): 7–9.
Pittie, Aasheesh (1984). "Tickell's Flowerpecker (Dicaeum erythrorhynchos) sipping nectar from Loranthus (Loranthus longiflorus) flowers - an observation". Mayura. 5 (3): 64–65.
Solomon Raju, AJ; S Purnachandra Rao; V Ezradanam (2004). "Bird-pollination in Sterculia colorata Roxb. (Sterculiaceae), a rare tree species in the Eastern Ghats of Visakhapatnam and East Godavari Districts of Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (1): 28–31.
Raju, AJS (2005). "Passerine bird pollination and seed dispersal in Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. (Lythraceae), a common low altitude woody shrub in the Eastern Ghats forests of India". Ornithol. Sci. 4 (2): 103–108. doi:10.2326/osj.4.103. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-04-12.
Betts, FN (1951). "The Birds of Coorg. Part 2". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 50 (2): 224–263.
Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1999). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.

Birds, Fine Art Prints

Birds Images

Biology Encyclopedia

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

Home - Hellenica World