Artemisiospiza belli (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Passerellidae
Genus: Artemisiospiza
Species: Artemisiospiza belli
Subspecies: A. b. belli – A. b. canescens – A. b. cinerea
Synonyms: A. b. clementeae – included in nominal.
Name
Artemisiospiza belli (Cassin, 1850)
Synonyms
Emberiza belli (protonym)
Amphispiza belli (Cassin, 1850)
References
Primary references
Cassin, J. 1850. Description of new species of Birds of the Genera Parus, Linn.; Emberiza, Linn.; Carduelis, Briss.; Myiothera, Ill.; and Leuconerpes, Sw., specimens of which are in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 5: 103–106 BHL Reference page. p. 104 BHL pl. 4 BHL
Additional references
Klicka, J., & Banks, R. C. 2011. A generic name for some sparrows (Aves: Emberizidae). Zootaxa 2793: 67–68. Full article (PDF)Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Beifußammer
English: Bell's Sparrow
Esperanto: Bella amfispizo
español: Gorrión troglodita
suomi: Marunasirkku
français: Bruant de Bell
magyar: Bell-sármány
svenska: Bells sparv
Bell's sparrow (Artemisiospiza belli) is a medium-sized sparrow of the western United States and northwestern Mexico. It used to be placed in the genus Amphispiza, but recent evidence suggested it be placed in its own genus.[2][3]
Four populations are resident to the west: subspecies canescens breeds in south-central California, the dark nominate subspecies belli in the California Coast Ranges and part of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada south to about 29°N in Baja California, the equally dark subspecies clementeae limited to San Clemente Island, and subspecies cinerea in western Baja California from 29°N to 26°45′N. The AOU now considers Bell's sparrow a separate species, formerly grouped with the sagebrush sparrow, and together previously known as the sage sparrow.[4]
Characteristics
A Front-facing image of a mature Bell's Sparrow
Bell's sparrow is difficult to separate in the field from the sagebrush sparrow. Both species measure about 6 in (15 cm) long and weigh approximately 16.5 g (0.58 oz).[5] In general, with Bell's Sparrow the malar is darker than the head while on the sagebrush it is about the same shade of darkish gray. Bell's Sparrow also has a thicker malar strip than sagebrush.[6][7] The amount a streaking on the back as well as the shade of the mantle may also be used to separate the two, but this is affected by wear on the feathers.[6] Bell's also has little or no white in the tail, but this field mark alone may not be diagnostic.[5]
Bell's sparrows are indeed often tied to sagebrush habitats, although they can also be found in brushy stands of saltbush, chamise, and other low shrubs of the arid west.
The subspecies A. b. clementeae has been listed as threatened since 1977.[4] This subspecies has grown in numbers since then as a result of conservation efforts conducted by the US Navy, resulting in the regrowth of native vegetation. [8] and has been proposed for removal from the Endangered Species Act by the US Fish & Wildlife Service. [9]
The species' common name and binomial (belli) refer to John Graham Bell.[10]
References
BirdLife International. 2017. Artemisiospiza belli (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T103780113A111170692. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103780113A111170692.en. Downloaded on 07 February 2018.
Klicka, J.; Spellman, G.M. (2007). "A molecular evaluation of the North American "grassland" sparrow clade". Auk. 124 (2): 537–551. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[537:AMEOTN]2.0.CO;2.
DaCosta, J.M.; Spellman, G.M.; Escalante, P.; Klicka, J. (2009). "A molecular systematic revision of two historically problematic songbird clades: Aimophila and Pipilo". Journal of Avian Biology. 40 (2): 206–216. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2009.04514.x.
Martin, John W.; Carlson, Barbara A. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.). "Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli)". The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 481. ISBN 978-0-679-45122-8.
Pyle, Peter (19 August 2013). "On separating Sagebrush Sparrow (Artemisiospiza nevadensis) from Bell's Sparrow (A. belli) with particular reference to A. b. canescens" (PDF). sibleyguides.com. Sibley Guides. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Vander Pluym, David (14 August 2013). "Sage Sparrow". Phainopepla Fables: Birding in the Lower Colorado River Valley and Beyond. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
Meiman, Susan T.; DeLeon, Emma E.; Bridges, Andrew S. "Reproductive success of the threatened San Clemente Bell's Sparrow (Artemisiospiza belli clementeae) in recovering habitats is similar to success in historical habitat". Oxford Academic. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
Greenwald, Noah. "Bell's Sparrow, Four Plants Found Only on San Clemente Island Are Latest Endangered Species Act Success". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
Holloway, Joel Ellis (2003). Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press. p. 25. ISBN 9781604691740.
Martin, John W.; Carlson, Barbara A. (1998). Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.). Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli). The Birds of North America. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America, Inc.
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