Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Sylvioidea
Familia: Pycnonotidae
Genus: Andropadus
Species: Andropadus importunus
Subspecies: A. i. errolius – A. i. fricki – A. i. hypoxanthus – A. i. importunus – A. i. insularis – A. i. loquax – A. i. mentor – A. i. noomei – A. i. oleaginus – A. i. somaliensis – A. i. subalaris
Name
Andropadus importunus (Vieillot, 1818)
Synonyms
Turdus importunus (protonym)
References
Vieillot, L.J.P. 1818. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Avec des figures tirées des trois règnes de la nature. Tome 20. 586 pp. + 9 tt. Déterville, Paris. p. 266 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
čeština: bulbul tmavý
Deutsch: Dunkelbülbül
English: Sombre greenbul
español: bulbul de Zanzíbar
suomi: pensasbulbuli
français: bulbul importun
magyar: surranó bülbül
Nederlands: vale buulbuul
polski: bilbil zuchwały
svenska: buskgrönbulbyl
українська: Бюльбюль білоокий
The sombre greenbul (Andropadus importunus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder in coastal bush, evergreen forest and dry shrub land in eastern and southern Africa. It is the only member of the genus Andropadus.
Taxonomy and systematics
Eighteen species of greenbuls originally described in the genus Andropadus were re-classified to the genera Arizelocichla, Stelgidillas and Eurillas in 2010.[2] This has left Andropadus as a monotypic genus with the sombre greenbul remaining as its sole extant species.[3]
The sombre greenbul was originally described in the genus Turdus and was later re-classified to the genus Andropadus. Alternatively, some authorities classify the sombre greenbul in the genus Pycnonotus. Alternate names for the sombre greenbul include the sombre bulbul, southern sombre bulbul and southern sombre greenbul.[4]
Subspecies
Four subspecies of the sombre greenbul are recognized:[3]
Zanzibar sombre greenbul (A. i. insularis) - Hartlaub, 1861: Originally described as a separate species. Includes Frick's greenbul which was also originally described as a separate species. Found from southern Ethiopia and southern Somalia to eastern Tanzania
Transvaal sombre greenbul (A. i. importunus) - (Vieillot, 1818): Found from the highlands of northern South Africa and western Eswatini south along coast to Western Cape
Endoto sombre greenbul (A. i. oleaginus) - Peters, W, 1868: Found in southern Zimbabwe, southern Mozambique and lowland northern South Africa
A. i. hypoxanthus - Sharpe, 1876: Found in south-eastern Tanzania to central Mozambique, central Zimbabwe and south-central Zambia
Former species
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species (or subspecies) as species within the genus Andropadus:
Shelley's greenbul (as Andropadus masukuensis)[5]
Kakamega greenbul (as Andropadus kakamegae)[6]
Cameroon greenbul (as Andropadus montanus or Andropadus concolor)[7]
Western greenbul (as Andropadus tephrolaemus)[8]
Olive-breasted greenbul (as Andropadus kikuyuensis)[9]
Mountain greenbul (as Andropadus nigriceps)[10]
Uluguru greenbul (as Andropadus neumanni)[11]
Black-browed greenbul (as Andropadus fusciceps)[12]
Yellow-throated greenbul (as Andropadus chlorigula)[13]
Stripe-cheeked greenbul (as Andropadus milanjensis)[14]
Olive-headed greenbul (as Andropadus olivaceiceps)[15]
Stripe-faced greenbul (as Andropadus striifacies or Andropadus striifascies)[16]
Slender-billed greenbul (as Andropadus gracilirostris)[17]
Little greenbul (as Andropadus virens)[18]
Little grey greenbul (as Andropadus gracilis)[19]
Ansorge's greenbul (as Andropadus ansorgei)[20]
Kavirondo little grey greenbul (as Charitillas kavirondensis)[21]
Plain greenbul (as Andropadus alexandri or Andropadus curvirostris)[22]
Yellow-whiskered greenbul (as Andropadus latirostris)[23]
Joyful greenbul (as Andropadus laetissimus)[24]
Falkenstein's greenbul (as Andropadus falkensteini)[25]
Yellow-streaked greenbul (as Andropadus flavostriatus)[26]
Description
The sombre greenbul is 15–18 cm long, with mainly dull greyish olive-green plumage, paler on the underparts than above. There are variations in colour based on habitat range. Individuals located in southern Africa tend to be plain, olive-green. To the north, birds are yellower with greener upper parts.[27] It has a white iris. The sexes are similar in plumage, but juveniles are even duller than the adult and have dark, grey eyes.[27] There is no colour distinction among sexes.[27] The subspecies A. i. hypoxanthus is much yellower below than the nominate subspecies.
The sombre greenbul is a vocal species, and the most typical call is a monotonous, ringing phrase starting with a penetrating single whistle weeeewee, followed by a jumbled chortle and ending off with a rather plaintive, drawn-out whistle willy. If agitated, a call of peeet peeet peeet repeatedly is likely to be heard.[27]
Behaviour and ecology
The sombre greenbul is a common bird, which tends to stay hidden in foliage and is more often heard than seen. It is usually found in pairs or small groups foraging for insects, fruit and small snails.
References
BirdLife International (2018). "Andropadus importunus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22712795A131966190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22712795A131966190.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Taxonomy Version 2 « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
"Bulbuls « IOC World Bird List". www.worldbirdnames.org. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
"Andropadus importunus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
"Arizelocichla masukuensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
"Arizelocichla kakamegae - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
"Arizelocichla montana - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
"Arizelocichla tephrolaema - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
"Arizelocichla kikuyuensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
"Arizelocichla nigriceps - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
"Arizelocichla neumanni - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
"Arizelocichla fusciceps - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
"Arizelocichla chlorigula - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
"Arizelocichla milanjensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
"Arizelocichla olivaceiceps - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
"Arizelocichla striifacies - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
"Stelgidillas gracilirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
"Eurillas virens [incl. hallae] - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-07.
"Eurillas gracilis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
"Eurillas ansorgei - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
"Eurillas ansorgei kavirondensis - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
"Eurillas curvirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
"Eurillas latirostris - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
"Chlorocichla laetissima - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
"Chlorocichla falkensteini - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
"Phyllastrephus flavostriatus flavostriatus - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2017-05-06.
Newman, Vanessa (2010). Newman's Birds of Southern Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Pippa Parker. p. 348. ISBN 9781770078789.
Sinclair, Hockey and Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa, ISBN 1-86872-721-1
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