Ammodramus aurifrons (http://www.birdphotos.com)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Passerellidae
Genus: Ammodramus
Species: Ammodramus aurifrons
Name
Ammodramus aurifrons (Spix, 1825)
Synonyms
Tanagra aurifrons (protonym)
Myospiza aurifrons (Spix, 1825)
References
Spix, J.B. von 1825. Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis. Suscepto. Collegit et descripsit Dr. J. B. de Spix. Tomus 2. 85 pp. + 115 tt. Illustrations: Matthias Schmidt. Ed. Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni. Monachii. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.63182 p. 38 BHL Reference page. pl. 50 fig. 2 BHL
Vernacular names
English: Yellow-browed Sparrow
español: Chingolo cejigualdo
português: Tico-tico-do-campo, Tico-tico-cigarra
The yellow-browed sparrow (Ammodramus aurifrons) is a species of bird in the family Passerellidae. First described by Johann Baptist von Spix in 1825, this American sparrow is found across much of the Amazon basin in South America. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, pastureland, and heavily degraded former forest.
Taxonomy
When Johann Baptist von Spix first described the yellow-browed sparrow in 1825, he put it in the now-defunct genus Tanagra, believing it to be a tanager.[2] The classification error was soon recognized, and the species was moved first to the genus Ammodramus, then to Myospiza—a genus Robert Ridgway created in 1898 for this and the closely related grassland sparrow.[3] Most taxonomists now subsume Myospiza into Ammodramus.[4] DNA analysis indicates that the yellow-browed sparrow is a sister species to the grassland sparrow, and that these two species make a sister group with the grasshopper sparrow; these three are genetically distinct from the other Ammodramus sparrows.[5] The yellow-browed sparrow has four subspecies, which differ primarily in the extent of yellow on the face and the amount of streaking on the upperparts and crown:[2]
A. a. apurensis, first described by William Henry Phelps and Ernest Thomas Gilliard in 1941,[6] is found in northeastern Colombia.[2]
A. a. cherriei, first described by Frank Chapman in 1914,[6] is found in central Colombia.[2]
A. a. tenebrosus, first described by John Todd Zimmer and Phelps in 1949,[6] ranges from southeastern Colombia through southwestern Venezuela into the adjacent areas of Brazil.[2]
A. a. aurifrons, described by Spix in 1825,[6] ranges south from southeastern Colombia into central Bolivia and east along the Amazon basin to the Atlantic coast.[2]
The yellow-browed sparrow is one of nine sparrows in the genus Ammodramus, a name which means "desert runner" or "desert racer" (from the Greek ammos, meaning "desert" and -dromos, meaning "-racer" or "-runner").[7] The species name aurifrons is a combination of the Latin words auri, meaning "gold" and frons, meaning "forehead" or "front".[8]
Description
The yellow-browed sparrow is a small American sparrow, measuring 13 cm (5 in) in length,[9] with a mass between 14.5 and 19 g (0.5 and 0.7 oz).[10] Sexes are similarly plumaged, though males average very slightly larger than females.[2] The adult is brownish gray on the upperparts, with dusky streaks on the back.[9] Its underparts are whitish, shading to grayish on the chest and buff on the flanks. Its legs are pinkish-brown, while the beak is horn-colored, with a darker culmen. Its iris is reddish brown.[2] The juvenile, which has no yellow on its face or wings, is buffier than adults are, with thin brownish streaks on its breast and flanks.[2]
Similar species
Although quite similar to the grassland sparrow, the yellow-browed sparrow typically shows more yellow on its face. It is overall paler and less streaked than the grassland sparrow, and lacks chestnut edges to its flight feathers. It is best told by its buzzy song, its less secretive behavior and less restrictive habitat preferences.[11]
Habitat and range
Although its former habitat was largely along rivers and on islands, the yellow-browed sparrow is now widespread in grassy areas of the Amazon biome, including agricultural fields, roadsides and around towns.[9] It is generally found in the lowlands, though it has been recorded to 1,000 m (3,281 ft) on the east side of the Andes, and regularly as high as 1,500 m (4,921 ft) — and sometimes to 2,000 m (6,562 ft) — in Ecuador.[2]
Behavior
The yellow-browed sparrow is generally easier to see than its sister species is. It is less secretive, and is found in a wider range of grasslands.[2]
Food and feeding
Like most American sparrows, the yellow-browed sparrow is largely granivorous, feeding on the seeds of native grasses and various introduced plants.[12] It also eats insects, including larvae.[2] It typically feeds on the ground.[9]
Breeding
Breeding has been recorded between February and September. The yellow-browed sparrow builds a cup nest of dried grass lined with fine plant material. The nest is generally on the ground in a grass clump, though sometimes it is placed low in a shrub. The female lays 2–3 white eggs.[2]
Voice
The yellow-browed sparrow's high-pitched song is described as "insect-like".[2] Monotonous and buzzy, it is transcribed as tic, tzzz-tzzzzz,[11] with the first note weak and short.[2] The male sings throughout the day from a low, exposed perch.[2][11]
Conservation and threats
Because of its very large range and apparently stable population, the yellow-browed sparrow has been designated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a species of least concern. It is described as common throughout its range, though its numbers have not been quantified.[1] This species has benefited from the clearing of rainforest for agriculture and cattle ranching; it is common in early successional fields.[13]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Ammodramus aurifrons". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22721150A94701317. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721150A94701317.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Byers, Clive; Olsson, Urban; Curson, Jon (1995). Buntings and Sparrows. London, UK: Pica Press. pp. 264–5. ISBN 978-1-4081-8906-1.
Dickerman, Robert W. (April 1968). "A Hybrid Grasshopper Sparrow × Savannah Sparrow" (PDF). The Auk. 85 (2): 312–5. doi:10.2307/4083589. JSTOR 4083589.
Ridgely & Tudor (1989), p. 465.
Zink, Robert M.; Avise, John C. (June 1990). "Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA and Allozyme Evolution in the Avian Genus Ammodramus" (PDF). Systematic Zoology. 39 (2): 148–161. doi:10.2307/2992452. JSTOR 299245.
"ITIS Report: Myospiza". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
Jobling (2010), p. 45.
Jobling (2010), p. 62.
Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy (2009). Field Guide to the Songbirds of South America: The Passerines. Austin, TX, US: University of Texas Press. p. 659. ISBN 978-0-292-71748-0.
Dunning Jr., John B. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. p. 562. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.
Ridgely & Tudor (1989), p. 466.
Oren, David C. (June 1981). "Notes on the status of the Common African Waxbill in Amazonia" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 93 (2): 281–2. JSTOR 4161475.
McKay, Wallace D. (September 1980). "The Influence of Agriculture on Avian Communities near Villavicencio, Colombia" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 92 (3): 381–9. JSTOR 4161362.
Cited works
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Names. London, UK: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy (1989). The Birds of South America, volume 1: The Oscine Passerines. Austin, TX, US: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70756-6.
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