Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Psittacinae
Tribus: Androglossini
Genus: Amazona
Species: Amazona imperialis
Name
Amazona imperialis Richmond, 1899
References
Auk 16 (1899) p. 186 BHL
Links
IUCN: Amazona imperialis (Critically Endangered)
Vernacular names
български: Императорска амазона
català: Amazona imperial
čeština: Amazoňan císařský
Cymraeg: Amason ymerodrol
Deutsch: Kaiseramazone
English: Imperial amazon
suomi: Keisariamatsoni
français: Amazone impériale
magyar: Császáramazon
日本語: ミカドボウシインコ
lietuvių: Imperatoriškoji amazonė
кырык мары: Император амазон
Nederlands: Keizeramazone
polski: Amazonka cesarska
پنجابی: اشناک ایمیزن
português: Papagaio-imperial
русский: Императорский амазон
svenska: kejsaramazon
українська: Амазон імператорський
Tiếng Việt: Vẹt hoàng đế
中文: 帝王亞馬遜鸚鵡
The imperial amazon (Amazona imperialis) or Dominican amazon, also known as the sisserou, is a parrot found only on the Caribbean island of Dominica.[3] It has been designated as the national bird of Dominica.[4] The species is critically endangered. In 2019, it was estimated there were only about 50 mature individuals left in the wild.
Description
Illustration of the imperial amazon parrot by English zoologist David William Mitchell
The imperial amazon measures an average of 48 cm (19 in) in length.[5] With males weighing an average of 900 g (32 oz) and females 650 g (23 oz), the species is large for its genus.[5]
Being of the family Psittacidae, the sisserou has zygodactyl feet and a thick, hooked bill with a muscular tongue.[6] This bill is fashioned in such a way that, using its hinged mandibles and tongue, the sisserou can easily move food around in its mouth.[6]
Males and females have identical plumage: the chest is a dark shade of purple, and the upper parts and feathers are a dark shade of green, with black-edged feather tips.[5] The eye-ring is dark brown, with the eye being a mix of orange and red.[5] Juvenile appearance does not differ much, with a higher occurrence of green plumage and strictly brown eyes.[5]
Behavior
The call of the sisserou resides in the higher frequencies, a loud and even "squeaky" mix between shriek, squawk, and trill.[5] They are shy, difficult to approach, and usually travel in groups of three or fewer.[5][7] They sometimes flock together with red-necked amazons.[7] They are good climbers and strong flyers with powerful wings.[8] They prefer to perch on the tops of trees.[8] They are difficult to detect, as they are well camouflaged by their plumage.[3]
Breeding
Between February and April, nesting occurs and the female will lay a clutch of two white eggs in a deep cavity inside a rainforest tree,[5] returning to the same tree year after year. For 26–28 days, the female will incubate the eggs.[5] During fledging, which occurs between June and early September, both parents will take care of and feed the chicks until they are fully feathered and ready to leave the nest.[5] The chicks use typical "begging calls" when hungry, to which either parent will respond with food.[9] Usually only one chick survives to fledging and, typically, sisserou pairs fledge a single chick every other year; however, there have been documented exceptions.[9]
These parrots mate for life and are extremely faithful to each other.[8] They might seek another mate only after a mate dies. However, the bird may grieve to death rather than find a new mate.[8]
Feeding
The sisserou's diet consists of fruits, seeds, nuts, berries, blossoms and palm shoots.[3] Their favorite foods include the fruits of Dacryodes species, Licania ternatensis, Richeria grandis, Amanoa carboea, Simarouba amara, Symphonia globulifera, Pouteria pollida, Tapuru atillan, the flowers and seeds of Chimarcis cymosa, and the nuts and young shoots of Euterpe palms.[10] Usually, they feed in the morning and evening.[10]
Distribution and habitat
On the flag of Dominica
The imperial amazon is endemic to the Caribbean island nation of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles where it inhabits mountain forest areas above 2,100 ft (625 m).[8] It is the island's national bird[11] and also appears on the country's flag.[12] The species frequently occurs in the Morne Diablotins in northern Dominica, especially the upper Picard River Valley on the northwest side of the mountain.[7] A small population has been reintroduced in the Morne Trois Pitons National Park.[13]
Imperial amazons are found primarily in mountain rainforest, sometimes in elfin forest.[10] They occur mostly at elevations of 600–1300 m above sea level.[7] However, there have been reports of them at 150 to 300 meters in elevation because of food storage or foraging preferences.[10]
Status and conservation
The imperial amazon is a critically endangered species. There are estimated to be only about 50 mature individuals left in the wild as of 2019.[14] There have been many efforts to help the habitat for these parrots. With the help of Dominica's Forestry, and the Wildlife and Parks Division and the Rare Species Conservatory Foundation (RSCF), areas such as the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve are protected.[15] However areas adjacent to the Northern Forest Reserve and the Central Forest Reserve remain unprotected.[15] Efforts are being made to help make other areas of Dominica protected. Many of the organizations have helped create groups of people to raise awareness, provide education, and conduct research.[16] The educational programs held in Dominica have reduced the bird trade.[16] The first successful breeding of this species by humans was conducted in 2011.[15] The captive-bred parrot developed fully in 12 weeks and resembled the wild imperial amazon parrots.[17] No one really knew what the reproductive potential of these parrots was. The imperial amazon has the lowest reproductive potential of any of the Amazona species.[17]
Threats
A major cause of population decline has been hurricanes. Hurricane David of August 1979 was one of the strongest that hit Dominica and impacted the population. Another hit was by Hurricane Maria in September 2017, which caused extensive damage on the island, affecting habitat.[18]
Habitat loss is caused by human disturbance in the forest, with selective logging and the deforestation. Trapping for food and trade is still a threat, even though education programmes have reduced the local market greatly. Illegal animal trading is a big market, and these birds are hunted to be sold on the black market. In the 1900s there were efforts to ban all illegal bird captivity and trading, but foreign traders still try to hunt this bird; some are successful. The development of plantations has also reduced their habitat, especially the cultivation of bananas (Snyder et al. 2000). Encroachment of human development has been a big issue as well, and conservationists are trying save the birds' preferred habitat.[19]
Nesting cavity competition with red-necked amazons and owls creates a tough living environment for imperial amazons. They mate only for a couple of months of the year, and guard their nests the rest of the year. A good quality nesting site is key to the survival and upbringing of their offspring.
Imperial amazons are preyed on by boa constrictors, broad-winged hawks, common opossums and rats.
Guadeloupe amazon
The hypothetical or extinct Guadeloupe amazon (A. violacea) may be the same bird as the imperial amazon, if not a close relative. Based on old descriptions alone, the information on the Guadeloupe amazon, pairs well with what is observed about the imperial amazon. A bone found on Marie-Galante (between Dominica and Guadeloupe) has been assigned to A. violacea and suggests that A. imperialis either inhabited, or was traded between, all three islands in prehistoric times.[20]
References
BirdLife International (2019). "Amazona imperialis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22686411A154800996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22686411A154800996.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
"ADW: Amazona imperialis". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
"National Bird". Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
"Imperial Amazon." Imperial Amazon (Amazona Imperialis). World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
"Psittacidae - Parrots, Parakeets, Macaws, Cockatoos", New Hampshire Public Television. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Carbone, Jim. Amazona imperialis. 2001. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Johnson, Sibylle. Imperial Amazon / Imperial Parrot. 22 October 2013.
Durand, Stephan. "Two Sisserou Chicks From One Nest: New Discovery by Dominica" Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Juniper, Tony, and Mike Parr. Parrots: a guide to parrots of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
"Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis)" Archived 2010-07-04 at the Wayback Machine Rare Species Conservatory Foundation. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
"National Flag - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica".
BirdLife. Amazona imperialis. 20 Archived 2012-11-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
"Species." Imperial Amazon (Amazona imperialis). Retrieved 25 October 2013.
"Imperial Amazon (Amazona Imperialis)" Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine. Imperial Amazon Videos, Photos and Facts. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
Reillo, PR; Durand, S; Burton, M (2011). "First captive breeding of the imperial parrot (Amazona imperialis)". Zoo Biol. 30 (3): 328–41. doi:10.1002/zoo.20374. PMID 21181874.
Palmer, Charlotte A.; Martin, Thomas E.; Durand, Stephen; Lamont, Myles (2018). "First observations of the impacts of Hurricane Maria on the endemic imperial amazon". Oryx. 52 (3): 410–411. doi:10.1017/S0030605318000364. ISSN 0030-6053.
"Imperial Amazon - Text account". Data Zone. BirdLife International.
Olson, S. L.; López, E. J. Máiz (2008). "New evidence of Ara autochthones from an archeological site in Puerto Rico: a valid species of West Indian macaw of unknown geographical origin (Aves: Psittacidae)"". Caribbean Journal of Science. 44 (2): 215–222. doi:10.18475/cjos.v44i2
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