Alipiopsitta xanthops (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Psittacinae
Tribus: Androglossini
Genus: Alipiopsitta
Species: Alipiopsitta xanthops
Name
Alipiopsitta xanthops (Spix, 1824)
Synonyms
Psittacus xanthops (protonym)
Salvatoria xanthops (Spix, 1824)
Amazona xanthops (Spix, 1824)
References
Primary references
Spix, J.B. von 1824. Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis augustissimi. Suscepto. Collegit et descripsit Dr. Joannes Bapt. de Spix. Curavit Martius, C.F.P. von. 1: 90 pp. + 104 tt. Illustrations: Matthias Schmidt. Ed. Monachii, Impensis Editoris, 1838. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.63181 p. 39 BHL Reference page. pl. 26 BHL
Additional references
Russello, M.A. & Amato, G. 2004. A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 421-437. DOI: 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00192-1Reference page.
Tavares, E.S., Baker, A.J., Pereira, S.L. & Miyaki, C.Y. 2006. Phylogenetic Relationships and Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Parrots (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae: Arini) Inferred from Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Sequences. Systematics Biology. 55(3): 454-470. DOI: 10.1080/10635150600697390 Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Yellow-faced parrot
español: Amazona del Cerrado
magyar: Sárgahasú amazon
português: Papagaio-galego
The yellow-faced parrot (Alipiopsitta xanthops), formerly also known as the yellow-faced amazon, is the only species of the genus Alipiopsitta. It is a Neotropical parrot (tribe Arini), and was classified in the genus Amazona for many years. It is a predominantly green and yellow-plumaged bird with a yellow head. It is a semi-nomadic species found in the cerrado region of Brazil and adjacent Bolivia.[1] As the yellow-faced parrot has disappeared from parts of its former range due to habitat destruction and generally occurs in low densities, it was considered vulnerable by the IUCN, but it remains locally fairly common, occurs in several protected areas and can survive in fragmented habitats, leading to its downlisting to near-threatened.[1]
Taxonomy
The German naturalist Johann Baptist von Spix first described the species in 1824 as Psittacus xanthops. Its species name is derived from the Ancient Greek xanthos "yellow", and ops "face".[2] For many years, it was placed within the genus Amazona, although Alípio de Miranda Ribeiro proposed the new genus Salvatoria in 1920 due to differences in the bill and plumage. A 1995 study showed its distinctness genetically,[3] followed up by more data which showed it to be much more closely related to the short-tailed parrot (Graydidascalus brachyurus) and to the members of the genus Pionus.[4] Following this discovery, it was briefly placed in the genus Salvatoria again, until this name was found to be pre-occupied by a group of polychaete worms from the superfamily Nereidoidea, thus leading to the transferral of the yellow-faced parrot to the new genus Alipiopsitta.[5]
Description
Measuring about 27 cm (11 in) in length, the yellow-faced parrot has a stocky body and short tail.[6] It is a predominantly green and yellow-plumaged bird that in adults has a yellow crown, lores, cheeks and auriculars. The rest of the head, upperparts and chest are green with some yellowish-green scalloping. The sides of the belly are often mottled orange and yellow, and the belly is often yellow. However, there are significant variations in the amount of yellow to the underparts, and some show virtually none.[7] The wings are predominantly green, occasionally with some yellow spots.[7] There is blue edging on the primary coverts. The central feathers of the short tail are green, while the lateral ones are more yellow-green and have orange-red bases. The bill is yellowish-horn with a dark culmen, the cere is pinkish, and the iris is yellow.[7] The legs are light grey. There is no sexual dimorphism; the male and female are alike in plumage and size.[8] Immatures have less yellow to the head.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The majority of its range is in central and eastern Brazil, where found from Maranhão and Piauí to São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul.[1] It inhabits the cerrado on the plateau of Brazil,[8] as well as the dryer Caatinga scrubland. There are two records from Beni in northeastern Bolivia.[1] Despite occasionally being listed for Paraguay, evidence supporting its presence in this country is lacking.[1] Within its range it appears to be semi-nomadic. Much of its habitat is being converted to agricultural land and the populations are declining.[1]
Behaviour
The yellow-faced parrot forages for and eats the fruit and seeds of trees including Anacardium species, Salacia crassifolia and Astronium fraxinifolium. Flocks have also been recorded raiding crops of mango and unripe guava trees.[1] Termites are another diet item.[9]
Until recently, comparatively little was known of its habits. It has been studied in Emas National Park in Brazil. Its breeding season there is May to October. Nests are hollows in termite mounds. The eggs are incubated for 19–22 days, while the young take up to 45 days to leave the nest.[9]
Like most species of parrots, the yellow-faced parrot is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) with its placement on the Appendix II list.[1]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Alipiopsitta xanthops". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22686311A93106694. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686311A93106694.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Liddell, Henry George; Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
Duarte JMB and Caparroz R (1995) Cytotaxonomic analysis of Brazilian species of the genus Amazona (Psittacidae, Aves) and confirmation of the genus Alipiopsitta (Caparroz and Pacheco). Braz J Genet 18:623-628.
Russello, M.A. & Amato, G (2004) A molecular phylogeny of Amazona: implications for Neotropical parrot biogeography, taxonomy, and conservation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 30: 421-437.
Caparroz, R., & Pacheco, J.F. (2006). A homonymy in Psittacidae: new name for Salvatoria Miranda-Ribeiro. Rev. Brasileira de Ornitologia 14: 174–175.
BirdLife International (2010) Species factsheet: Alipiopsitta xanthops. Accessed 6 December 2010.
van Perlo, B. (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530154-0
Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1978) [1973]. Parrots of the World (2nd ed.). Melbourne Australia: Landsdowne Editions. pp. 553–54. ISBN 0-7018-0690-7.
Bianchi, Carlos A. (2009). "Notes on the Ecology of the Yellow-faced Parrot (Alipiopsitta xanthops) in central Brazil". Ornitologia Neotropical. 20 (4): 479–89.
Hoppe, D., 2007: Ribeiropapagei – ein neuer Name für die Gelbbauchamazone. Gefiederte Welt, Vol. 131, pp. 173–176 + 210–213.
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