Tetrigidae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Ordo: Orthoptera
Subordo: Caelifera
Infraordo: Acrididea
Superfamilia: Tetrigoidea

Familia: Tetrigidae
Subfamiliae: Batrachideinae - Cladonotinae - Cleostratinae - Discotettiginae - Lophotettiginae - Metrodorinae - Scelimeninae - Tetriginae - Tripetalocerinae - Unassigned

Overview of genera

†Electrotettix
...
Name

Tetrigidae
References

Deng, W., Zheng, Z-M., Li, X., Lin, M-P., Wei, S., Yuan, B-D. & L-L. 2015: The groundhopper fauna (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) of Shiwanshan (Guangxi, China) with description of three new species. Zootaxa 3925(2): 151–178. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3925.2.1. Reference page.
Jiang, G.-F. ; Liang, G.-Q. & Fang, N., 2014: Two New Species of Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea: Tetrigidae) from Guangxi, China. The Florida Entomologist, 97 (1): 68–72. Full article: [1]
Lehmann, A., Devriese, H., Tumbrinck, J., Skejo, J., Lehmann, G.U.C. & Hochkirch, A. 2017. The importance of validated alpha taxonomy for phylogenetic and DNA barcoding studies: a comment on species identification of pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae). ZooKeys 679: 139—144. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.679.12507. Reference page.
Mahmood, K. , A.B. Idris & Y. Salmah, 2007: Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Tetrigoidea) from Malaysia with the description of six new species. Acta Entomologica Sinica 50 (12): 1272–1284. full article: [2].
Skejo, J., Rebrina, F., Buzzetti, F.M., Ivković, S., Rašić, A. & Tvrtković, N. 2014. First records of Croatian and Serbian Tetrigidae (Orthoptera: Caelifera) with description of a new subspecies of Tetrix transsylvanica (Bazyluk & Kis, 1960). Zootaxa 3856(3): 419–432. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3856.3.7 Reference page.
Skejo, J., Connors, M., Hendriksen, M., Lambert, N., Chong, G., McMaster, I., Monaghan, N., Rentz, D.C.F., Richter, R., Rose, K. & Franjević, D. 2020. Online social media tells a story of Anaselina, Paraselina, and Selivinga (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae), rare Australian pygmy grasshoppers. ZooKeys, 948: 107–119. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.948.52910 Open access Reference page.
Storozhenko, S.Yu. & Dawwrueng, P. 2015. New and little-known pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) from Thailand. Zootaxa 4052(5): 527–554. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.2. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Zheng, Z.-M. & G.-F. Jiang, 1997: Three New Species of Tetrigidae From China (Orthoptera:Tetrigoidea). Zoological Research 18 (2): 151–155. Abstract and full article: [3].

Vernacular names
magyar: Tövishátú sáskák
日本語: ヒシバッタ科

Tetrigidae[1] is an ancient family in the order Orthoptera,[2] which also includes similar families such as crickets, grasshoppers, and their allies. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called groundhoppers,[3] pygmy grasshoppers,[4] pygmy devils[5] or (mostly historical) "grouse locusts".[6]

Diagnostic characteristics
A typical Tetrigid species that commonly inhabits arid banks of water bodies in Southern Africa. Lateral aspect, showing how the pronotum covers the hind wings. The vestigial tegmen is visible just above the anterior coxa.
Tetrigidae Dorsal aspect. The same specimen from above. In both pictures note the unusually heavy structure of the posterior femur, and the correspondingly massive pulley-like femoro-tibial joint, similar to the anatomy of the Tridactylidae.

Tetrigidae are typically less than 20 mm in length and are recognizable by a long pronotum. This pronotum extends over the length of the abdomen, sometimes to the tip of the wings, and ends in a point.[4] In other Orthoptera, the pronotum is short and covers neither the abdomen nor the wings. Tetrigidae are generally cryptic in coloration.[7] Some species have enlarged pronota that mimic leaves, stones or twigs.[8][9] Other characteristics pygmy grasshoppers exhibit in comparison to other Orthoptera families are lack of arolium between the clows, first thoracic sternite modified into collar-like structure called sternomentum, tarsal formula 2-2-3, scaly fore wings, and developed hind wings.[10]
General biology

In temperate regions, Tetrigidae are generally found along streams and ponds, where they feed on algae and diatoms.[11] The North American species Paratettix aztecus and Paratettix mexicanus, for example, depend on aquatic primary production for between 80% and 100% of their diet.[12] Riparian species are capable of swimming on the surface of the water, and readily leap into the water when alarmed[9] Some species in the tribe Scelimenini are fully aquatic and capable of swimming underwater.[10][11]

The highest biodiversity of Tetrigidae is found in tropical forests.[10] Some tropical species are arboreal and live among mosses and lichens in tree buttresses or in the canopy,[11] while others live on the forest floor.[7]

Like other Orthoptera, Tetrigidae have a hemimetabolous development, in which eggs hatch into nymphs. Unlike other temperate Orthoptera, however, temperate Tetrigidae generally overwinter as adults.[4]

Some subfamilies within the Tetrigidae, such as the Batrachideinae, are sometimes elevated to family rank besides the Tetrigidae.

Arulenus miae is a pygmy grasshopper species from the tropical mountainous rainforests of the Philippines. The species was firstly discovered in Facebook post.[5]
Paratettix aztecus eating algae
Etymology

Origin of the name of the family is not completely clear as there are different sources on its etymology. The name may be derived from Latin tetricus or taetricus, meaning harsh, sour, severe.[13] The name may also originate from the earlier name 'Tettigidae', based on Tettix (synonym of Tetrix), which was preoccupied by Tettigidae (synonym of Cicadidae).[14] Because of the preoccupation by the cicadas' family name, the second 't' in 'tt' was changed into 'r', resulting in the word Tetrigidae.
Subfamilies and Genera

Approximately 2,000 species have been described; according to the Orthoptera Species File[15] the following genera are included:
Subfamily Batrachideinae
Saussurella cornuta

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Batrachidea Serville, 1838
Saussurella Bolívar, 1887
Tettigidea Scudder, 1862

Subfamily Cladonotinae
Potua morbillosa (Borneo)

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:

Tribe Cladonotini Bolívar, 1887[16]

Cladonotus Saussure, 1862
Deltonotus Hancock, 1904
Boczkitettix Tumbrinck, 2014
Diotarus Stål, 1877
Dolatettix Hancock, 1907
Holoarcus Hancock, 1909
Hymenotes Westwood, 1837
Misythus Stål, 1877
Piezotettix Bolívar, 1887

Tribe Choriphyllini Cadena-Castañeda & Silva, 2019[17]

Choriphyllum Serville, 1838
Phyllotettix Hancock, 1902

Tribe Valalyllini Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022[18]

Lepocranus Devriese, 1991

Valalyllum Deranja, Kasalo, Adžić, Franjević & Skejo, 2022

Tribe Unassigned

Epitettix Hancock, 1907
Nesotettix Holdhaus, 1909
Potua Bolívar, 1887

Subfamily Lophotettiginae

Auth.: Hancock, 1909

Lophotettix Hancock, 1909
Phelene Bolívar, 1906

Subfamily Metrodorinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887; selected genera:
Holocerus taurus (with red mites, Madagascar)

Tribe Amorphopini Günther, 1939

Amorphopus Serville, 1838

Tribe Cleostratini Hancock, 1907
Rostella phyllocera (Borneo)

Cleostratus (insect) Stål, 1877 (Philippines)

Tribe Clinophaestini Storozhenko, 2013

Birmana Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893
Clinophaestus Storozhenko, 2013

Tribe Miriatrini Cadena-Castañeda & Cardona, 2015 (monotypic)

Miriatra Bolívar, 1906

Tribe Ophiotettigini Tumbrinck & Skejo, 2017

Ophiotettix Walker, 1871
Uvarovithyrsus Storozhenko, 2016

Tribe Unassigned

Bolivaritettix Günther, 1939
Cleostratoides Storozhenko, 2013
Crimisus Bolívar, 1887
Hildegardia (insect) Günther, 1974
Holocerus Bolívar, 1887
Macromotettix Günther, 1939
Mazarredia Bolívar, 1887
Pseudoparatettix Günther, 1937
Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991
Vaotettix Podgornaya, 1986

Subfamily Scelimeninae
Discotettix belzebuth (Scelimeninae)

Auth.: Hancock, 1907 Tribe Scelimenini Hancock, 1907; selected genera:

Amphibotettix Hancock, 1906
Austrohancockia Günther, 1938
Bidentatettix Zheng, 1992
Discotettix Costa, 1864
Gavialidium Saussure, 1862
Scelimena Serville, 1838

incertae sedis

Zhengitettix Liang, 1994

Subfamily Tetriginae
Paratettix sp.

Auth.: Serville, 1838

Tribe Dinotettigini Günther, 1979

Afrocriotettix Günther, 1938
Dinotettix Bolívar, 1905
Ibeotettix Rehn, 1930
Lamellitettix Hancock, 1904
Marshallacris Rehn, 1948
Pseudamphinotus Günther, 1979

Tribe Tetrigini Serville, 1838

Clinotettix Bei-Bienko, 1933
Coptotettix Bolívar, 1887
Euparatettix Hancock, 1904
Exothotettix Zheng & Jiang, 1993
Hydrotetrix Uvarov, 1926
Paratettix Bolívar, 1887
Tetrix Latreille, 1802 (synonym Depressotetrix Karaman, 1960)
Thibron Rehn, 1939

Tribe unassigned:

Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002
Alulatettix Liang, 1993
Ankistropleuron Bruner, 1910
Bannatettix Zheng, 1993
Bienkotetrix Karaman, 1965
Bufonides Bolívar, 1898
Carolinotettix Willemse, 1951
Coptottigia Bolívar, 1912
Cranotettix Grant, 1955
Ergatettix Kirby, 1914
Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984
Formosatettix Tinkham, 1937
Formosatettixoides Zheng, 1994
Gibbotettix Zheng, 1992
Hedotettix Bolívar, 1887
Leptacrydium Chopard, 1945
Macquillania Günther, 1972
Micronotus Hancock, 1902
Neocoptotettix Shishodia, 1984
Neotettix Hancock, 1898
Nomotettix Morse, 1894
Ochetotettix Morse, 1900
Oxyphyllum Hancock, 1909
Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940
Sciotettix Ichikawa, 2001
Stenodorus Hancock, 1906
Teredorus Hancock, 1907
Tettiella Hancock, 1909
Tettiellona Günther, 1979
Uvarovitettix Bazyluk & Kis, 1960
Xiaitettix Zheng & Liang, 1993

Subfamily Tripetalocerinae

Auth.: Bolívar, 1887
Tripetalocera ferruginea

Tripetalocerinae was originally described by Bolívar in 1887[19] to gather all the Tetrigidae genera of the old world with widened antennae (e.g. Arulenus, Discotettix, Hirrius, Ophiotettix, Tripetalocera). This subfamily today includes only two species in two genera - Tripetalocera (with one species) from India and Borneo and Tripetaloceroides (with one species) from Vietnam and PR China. Members of the subfamily are characteristic within Tetrigidae by massive antennae built up of only eight segments (other Tetrigidae have usually 11-16, Batrachideinae 18-22).[20] Till recently,[20] the subfamily included two tribes - Tripetalocerini and Clinophaestini (including Clinophaestus and Birmana), but the later was moved to the subfamily Metrodorinae due to similarity to Ophiotettigini.[21]

Tripetalocera - monotypic Tripetalocera ferruginea Westwood, 1834
Tripetaloceroides Storozhenko, 2013 - monotypic Tripetaloceroides tonkinensis (Günther, 1938)

Subfamily unassigned
Criotettigini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Criotettix Bolívar, 1887
Dasyleurotettix Rehn, 1904

Thoradontini

Auth. Kevan, 1966

Eucriotettix Hebard, 1930
Loxilobus Hancock, 1904
Thoradonta Hancock, 1909

Subfamily and tribe unassigned

Bolotettix Hancock, 1907
Cyphotettix Rehn, 1952
†Eozaentetrix Zessin, 2017
Euloxilobus Sjöstedt, 1936
Paramphinotus Zheng, 2004
Peronotettix Rehn, 1952
Phaesticus Uvarov, 1940 (synonym Flatocerus Liang & Zheng, 1984)
Probolotettix Günther, 1939
Pseudosystolederus Günther, 1939
Syzygotettix Günther, 1938
Tettitelum Hancock, 1915
†Archaeotetrix Sharov, 1968
†Prototetrix Sharov, 1968

References

Rambur (1838) Faune entomologique de l'Andalousie 2:64
Song, Hojun; Amédégnato, Christiane; Cigliano, Maria Marta; Desutter-Grandcolas, Laure; Heads, Sam W.; Huang, Yuan; Otte, Daniel; Whiting, Michael F. (2015-03-09). "300 million years of diversification: elucidating the patterns of orthopteran evolution based on comprehensive taxon and gene sampling". Cladistics. 31 (6): 621–651. doi:10.1111/cla.12116. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 34753270. S2CID 53702892.
Ragge DR (1965). Grasshoppers, Crickets & Cockroaches of the British Isles. F Warne & Co, London. p. 299.
Borror DJ, Tripplehorn CA, Johnson NF (1989) An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th edition. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. New York. pg 213
SKEJO, JOSIP; CABALLERO, JOY HONEZZA S. (2016-01-21). "A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov.—a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae)". Zootaxa. 4067 (3): 393. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27395882.
Imms AD, rev. Richards OW & Davies RG (1970) A General Textbook of Entomology 9th Ed. Methuen 886 pp.
Grimaldi D, Engel MS (2005) Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pg 211
Skejo, Josip (2017). Taxonomic revision of the pygmy devils (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae) with online social media as a new tool for discovering hidden diversity. Zagreb: University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology. pp. 1–246.
Preston-Mafham K (1990) Grasshoppers and Mantids of the World. Facts of File, New York. pg 32
MUHAMMAD, AMIRA AQILAH; TAN, MING KAI; ABDULLAH, NURUL ASHIKIN; AZIRUN, MOHAMMAD SOFIAN; BHASKAR, DHANEESH; SKEJO, JOSIP (2018-09-25). "An annotated catalogue of the pygmy grasshoppers of the tribe Scelimenini Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae) with two new Scelimena species from the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra". Zootaxa. 4485 (1): 1–70. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4485.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 30313773. S2CID 52975589.
Resh VH, Cardé RT (2003) Encyclopedia of Insects. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pg 839
Bastow JL, Sabo JL, Finlay JC, Power ME (2002) A basal aquatic-terrestrial trophic link in rivers: algal subsidies via shore-dwelling grasshoppers. Oecologia 131: 261–268
"Family Tetrigidae - Pygmy Grasshoppers".
Buckton, George Bowdler (1890). Monograph of the British Cicadae or Tettigidae. London: Macmillan & Co.
Orthoptera Species File (Version 5.0/5.0, retrieved 26 November 2018: checking incomplete)
BHASKAR, DHANEESH; STERMŠEK, SARA; EASA, P.S.; FRANJEVIĆ, DAMJAN; SKEJO, JOSIP (2020-12-10). "<p><strong>Wide-nosed pygmy grasshoppers (Cladonotinae: Cladonotini, Xerophyllini) of India and Sri Lanka: catalogue with an identification key and description of a new species of the genus <em>Tettilobus</em></strong></p>". Zootaxa. 4894 (3): 474–500. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4894.3.12. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 33311079. S2CID 229173782.
SILVA, DANIELA SANTOS MARTINS; CADENA-CASTAÑEDA, OSCAR J.; PEREIRA, MARCELO RIBEIRO; DE DOMENICO, FERNANDO CAMPOS; SPERBER, CARLOS FRANKL (2019-10-16). "<p><strong>Review of <em>Lophotettix</em>, the sole member of the subfamily Lophotettiginae Hancock, 1909 (Insecta: Orthoptera: Caelifera: Tetrigidae) ". Zootaxa. 4686 (3): 346–360. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4686.3.2. ISSN 1175-5334. S2CID 207937067.
Deranja, Maks; Kasalo, Niko; Adžić, Karmela; Franjević, Damjan; Skejo, Josip (2022-07-01). "Lepocranus and Valalyllum gen. nov. (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae, Cladonotinae), endangered Malagasy dead-leaf-like grasshoppers". ZooKeys (1109): 1–15. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1109.85565. ISSN 1313-2970.
Bolívar & Urrutia, Ignacio (1887). Essai sur les acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae. Imprimerie C. Annoot-Braeckman. OCLC 42198873.
Storozhenko, Sergey Yu (2013-10-03). "Review of the subfamily Tripetalocerinae Bolívar, 1887 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)". Zootaxa. 3718 (2): 158–170. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3718.2.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 26258216.
Tumbrinck, J. & Skejo, J. (2017). "Taxonomic and biogeographic revision of the New Guinean genus Ophiotettix Walker, 1871 (Tetrigidae: Metrodorinae: Ophiotettigini trib. nov.), with the descriptions of 33 new species" (PDF). Biodiversity, Biogeography and Nature Conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea, Entomological Society of Latvia. 3: 525–580, figures 104–124.