Spirama

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Cladus: Macroheterocera
Superfamilia: Noctuoidea

Familia: Erebidae
Subfamilia: Erebinae
Tribus: Hypopyrini
Genus: Spirama
Species:
Name

Spirama Guenée, 1852: Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gén. Lép., 7, 194.
References

Spirama is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae first described by Achille Guenée in 1852.

Description

Antennae usually minutely fasciculate (bundled) in the male. Tibia not hairy and mid-tibia spined. Palpi with second joint reaching vertex of head and third joint naked. Thorax and abdomen smoothly clothed with hair. Forewings with nearly rectangular apex. Hindwings with vein 5 from lower angle of cell, which is rather short.[2]
Defensive display
Further information: Deimatic behaviour and Deception in animals

Some of the species, such as S. helicina, S. indenta, S. recessa, S. remota and S. sumbana, have a pattern on the wings that looks like the frontal view of the face of a snake with slightly opened mouth. This pattern is more clearly discernible in females. It may intimidate potential predators and dissuade them from attacking.[3]
Spirama indenta female

Spirama helicina female

Spirama retorta female
Species

Spirama biformis Hulstaert, 1924
Spirama capitulifera Prout, 1919
Spirama euphrages Prout, 1924
Spirama euspira (Hubner, 1823)
Spirama glaucescens Butler, 1893
Spirama griseisigma Hampson, 1913
Spirama helicina Hübner, [1831]
Spirama inconspicua Herrich-Schäffer, [1854]
Spirama indenta Hampson, 1891
Spirama kalaoensis Swinhoe, 1904
Spirama miniata Wallengren, 1856
Spirama paecila (Guenée, 1852)
Spirama recessa Walker, 1858
Spirama remota Felder, 1861
Spirama retorta Clerck, 1764
Spirama sumbana Swinhoe, 1904
Spirama triloba Guenée, 1852
Spirama voluta Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874

Former species

Spirama obscura Cramer, 1780 was moved to the genus Speiredonia in 2005.
Spirama revolvens (Walker, 1858)

References

Yu, Dicky Sick Ki. "Spirama Guenee 1852". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
Hampson, G. F. (1894). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma: Moths Volume II. Taylor and Francis – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of Entomology, Volume 4, p. 1174