Pheidole

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Formicoidea

Familia: Formicidae
Subfamilia: Myrmicinae
Tribus: Pheidolini
Genus: Pheidole
Species (1092 + 5†):

A

P. aana – P. aberrans – P. absurda – P. acamata – P. acantha – P. accinota – P. aciculata – P. aculifera – P. acutidens – P. acutilobata – P. ademonia – P. adrianoi – P. aeberlii – P. aelloea – P. aenescens – P. aequiseta – P. agilis – P. aglae – P. agricola – P. ajax – P. akermani – P. ala – P. alacris – P. alayoi – P. albidula – P. albipes – P. alexeter – P. alfaroi – P. alienata – P. alina – P. allani – P. allarmata – P. alpestris – P. alpinensis – P. alticola – P. amabilis – P. amata – P. amazonica – P. amber – P. ambigua – P. ambohimanga – P. ambonensis – P. ampla – P. amplificata – P. analavelona – P. anastasii – P. andapa – P. andohahela – P. andrieui – P. androsana – P. angulicollis – P. angulifera – P. angusta – P. angusticeps – P. anima – P. ankerana – P. annemariae – P. annexa – P. anomala – P. anosyenne – P. anthracina – P. antillana – P. antipodum – P. antranohofa – P. aper – P. aphrasta – P. arachnion – P. araneoides – P. arboricola – P. arcifera – P. arctos – P. areniphila – P. argentina – P. arhuaca – P. ariel – P. arietans – P. aripoensis – P. aristotelis – P. arnoldi – P. aspera – P. asperata – P. asperithorax – P. aspidata – P. astur – P. athertonensis – P. atticola – P. atua – P. aurea – P. aurivillii – P. auropilosa – P. avaratra – P. avia – P. azteca –
B

P. bahai – P. bajaensis – P. bakeri – P. balzani – P. bambusarum – P. bandata – P. barbata – P. barreleti – P. barumtaun – P. batrachorum – P. beanka – P. beauforti – P. befotaka – P. bellatrix – P. belli – P. beloceps – P. bemarahaensis – P. bemarivoensis – P. bequaerti – P. bergi – P. bessonii – P. bhavanae – P. bicarinata – P. biconstricta – P. bicornis – P. bidens – P. bifurca – P. bilimeki – P. biloba – P. binara – P. binasifer – P. binghamii – P. biolleyi – P. bison – P. blumenauensis – P. bluntschlii – P. boliviana – P. boltoni – P. borgmeieri – P. boribora – P. boruca – P. bos – P. brachyops – P. brandaoi – P. braueri – P. brevicona – P. brevicornis – P. brevipilosa – P. breviscapa – P. breviseta – P. browni – P. bruchella – P. bruchi – P. bruesi – P. brunnescens – P. bucculenta – P. buchholzi – P. buckleyi – P. bufo – P. bugi – P. bula – P. bulliceps – P. bureni – P. butteli –
C

P. caffra – P. cairnsiana – P. caldwelli – P. calens – P. californica – P. calimana – P. caltrop – P. cameroni – P. camilla – P. camptostela – P. capellinii – P. capensis – P. capillata – P. caracalla – P. carapuna – P. carapunco – P. cardiella – P. cardinalis – P. caribbaea – P. carinata – P. cariniceps – P. carrolli – P. casta – P. castanea – P. cataphracta – P. cataractae – P. caulicola – P. cavifrons – P. cavigenis – P. ceibana – P. celaena – P. centeotl – P. cephalica – P. cerebrosior – P. ceres – P. cerina – P. cervicornis – P. ceylonica – P. chalca – P. chalcoides – P. charazana – P. cheesmannae – P. chiapasana – P. chilensis – P. chloe – P. chocoensis – P. christinae – P. christopherseni – P. chrysops – P. cielana – P. cingulata – P. citrina – P. clavata – P. claviscapa – P. clementensis – P. clydei – P. clypeocornis – P. cocciphaga – P. cockerelli – P. coffeicola – P. colaensis – P. colobopsis – P. colpigaleata – P. comata – P. concentrica – P. concinna – P. conficta – P. confoedusta – P. constanciae – P. constipata – P. coonoorensis – P. coracina – P. cordiceps – P. cornicula – P. corticicola – P. coveri – P. cramptoni – P. crassicornis – P. crassinoda – P. creightoni – P. crinita – P. crozieri – P. cryptocera – P. cubaensis – P. cuevasi – P. cuitensis – P. cuprina – P. cursor – P. curvistriata – P. cyrtostela –
D

P. dammermani – P. daphne – P. darlingtoni – P. darwini – P. dasos – P. dasypyx – P. davidsonae – P. davisi – P. dea – P. decarinata – P. decepticon – P. deceptrix – P. defecta – P. deima – P. delecta – P. delicata – P. deltea – P. demeter – P. dentata – P. dentigula – P. descolei – P. deserticola – P. desertorum – P. diabolus – P. diakritos – P. diana – P. diffidens – P. diffusa – P. diligens – P. dinophila – P. dione – P. distincta – P. distorta – P. diversipilosa – P. dodo – P. dolon – P. dorsata – P. dossena – P. drepanon – P. dryas – P. dugasi – P. dumicola – P. duneraensis – P. durionei – P. dwyeri – P. dyctiota –
E

P. ebenina – P. ectatommoides – P. ecuadorana – P. ehazoara – P. eidmanni – P. elecebra – P. elegans – P. elisae – P. elongicephala – P. embolopyx – P. emmae – P. ensifera – P. eparmata – P. epetrion – P. erato – P. erethizon – P. eriophora – P. ernsti – P. erratilis – P. escherichii – P. euryscopa – P. exarata – P. exasperata – P. excellens – P. excubitor – P. exigua – P. exquisita –
F

P. fabricator – P. fadli – P. fallax – P. fantasia – P. fariasana – P. fatigata – P. feae – P. fera – P. fergusoni – P. ferruginea – P. fervens – P. fervida – P. fimbriata – P. fiorii – P. fisaka – P. fissiceps – P. fitarata – P. flavens – P. flaveria – P. flavida – P. flavifrons – P. flavominuta – P. flavothoracica – P. floricola – P. floridana – P. foreli – P. fortis – P. foveolata – P. fowleri – P. fracticeps – P. fullerae – P. funki – P. funkikoensis – P. furtiva – P. fuscula –
G

P. gagates – P. gaigei – P. galba – P. gambogia – P. gangamon – P. gatesi – P. gauthieri – P. gavrilovi – P. gellibrandi – P. geminata – P. gemmula – P. geraesensis – P. germaini – P. gertrudae – P. ghatica – P. ghigii – P. gibba – P. gibbata – P. gigaflavens – P. gigas – P. gigliolii – P. gilva – P. gilvescens – P. glabra – P. glabrella – P. globularia – P. glomericeps – P. glyphoderma – P. gnomus – P. goavana – P. godmani – P. goeldii – P. gombakensis – P. gouldi – P. gracilescens – P. gracilipes – P. gracilis – P. gradifer – P. grallatrix – P. grandinodus – P. grantae – P. granulata – P. gravida – P. grayi – P. grex – P. grundmanni – P. guajirana – P. guayasana – P. guerrerana – P. guilelmimuelleri – P. guineensis – P. gulo –
H

P. haboka – P. hainanensis – P. hamtoni – P. harlequina – P. harrisonfordi – P. hartmeyeri – P. haskinsorum – P. hasticeps – P. havilandi – P. havoana – P. haywardi – P. hazenae – P. hazo – P. hecate – P. hector – P. hedlundorum – P. heliosa – P. hercules – P. heterothrix – P. hetschkoi – P. hewitti – P. heyeri – P. hierax – P. hirsuta – P. hirtula – P. hispaniolae – P. hizemops – P. hoelldobleri – P. hongkongensis – P. hoplitica – P. horni – P. horribilis – P. hortensis – P. hortonae – P. hospes – P. hospita – P. huacana – P. huberi – P. huilana – P. humeralis – P. humeridens – P. humida – P. hyatti –
I

P. impressa – P. impressiceps – P. inca – P. incerta – P. incisa – P. incurvata – P. indagatrix – P. indica – P. indistincta – P. indosinensis – P. industa – P. inermis – P. infernalis – P. innotata – P. inornata – P. inquilina – P. inscrobiculata – P. insipida – P. inversa – P. iracunda – P. irritans – P. isis – P. itremo –
J

P. jacobsoni – P. jaculifera – P. jamaicensis – P. jeannei – P. jelskii – P. jivaro – P. joffreville – P. jonas – P. jordanica – P. jubilans – P. jucunda – P. jujuyensis – P. juniperae –
K

P. katonae – P. kely – P. kikutai – P. kitschneri – P. klaman – P. knowlesi – P. kochi – P. kohli – P. komori – P. kugleri – P. kukrana – P. kuna – P. kusnezovi –
L

P. laelaps – P. laevicolor – P. laevifrons – P. laevinota – P. laevithorax – P. laeviventris – P. laevivertex – P. laidlowi – P. lamellinoda – P. lamia – P. laminata – P. lamperos – P. lancifer – P. laniger – P. lanuginosa – P. laselva – P. laticornis – P. laticrista – P. latinoda – P. lattkei – P. laudatana – P. lavasoa – P. lemnisca – P. lemur – P. leonina – P. leptina – P. liengmei – P. lighti – P. lignicola – P. lilloi – P. liteae – P. littoralis – P. lobulata – P. loki – P. lokitae – P. longiceps – P. longicornis – P. longinoi – P. longior – P. longipes – P. longipilosa – P. longiscapa – P. longiseta – P. longispinosa – P. lourothi – P. lovejoyi – P. lucaris – P. lucida – P. lucioccipitalis – P. lucretii – P. lupus – P. lustrata – P. lutea – P. luteipes – P. lutzi –
M

P. macclendoni – P. machetula – P. mackayi – P. macracantha – P. macromischoides – P. macrops – P. maculifrons – P. madecassa – [{sp|P|heidole|madinika}} P. madrensis – P. magna – P. magrettii – P. mahaboensis – P. mahamavo – P. mainty – P. maizina – P. maja – P. makaensis – P. makilingi – P. makirovana – P. malabarica – P. malinsii – P. mallota – P. mamiratra – P. mamore – P. manantenensis – P. manantenina – P. mantadia – P. manteroi – P. mantilla – P. manuana – P. manukana – P. marcidula – P. marieannae – P. masoala – P. masoandro – P. maufei – P. mavesatra – P. mavohavoana – P. mayri – P. medialis – P. medioflava – P. megacephala – P. megatron – P. meihuashanensis – P. meinerti – P. meinertopsis – P. melanogaster – P. melastomae – P. mendanai – P. mendicula – P. mentita – P. mera – P. merimbun – P. metallescens – P. metana – P. micon – P. micridris – P. microgyna – P. microps – P. micula – P. midas – P. midongy – P. mikros – P. militicida – P. minax – P. mincana – P. minensis – P. minima – P. minor – P. minuscula – /P. minutula – P. mirabilis – P. --miramila – P. miseranda – P. mittermeieri – P. mivory – P. mixteca – P. mjobergi – P. modiglianii – P. moerens – P. moffetti – P. monstrosa – P. montana – P. monteverdensis – P. mooreorum – P. morelosana – P. moramanaensis – P. morrisii – P. moseni – P. mosenopsis – P. multidens – P. multispina – P. mus – P. mutisi – P. mylognatha –
N

P. nana – P. naoroji – P. napoensis – P. nasifer – P. nasutoides – P. navoatrensis – P. naylae – P. nebulosa – P. nemoralis – P. neokohli – P. neolongiceps – P. neolongiscapa – P. nesiota – P. nietneri – P. nigella – P. nigeriensis – P. nigricula – P. nigritella – P. nimba – P. nindi – P. nitella – P. nitidicollis – P. nitidobruna – P. nitidula – P. njassae – P. noar – P. noda – P. nodgii – P. nodifera – P. nubicola – P. nubila – P. nuculiceps –
O

P. oaxacana – P. obnixa – P. obrima – P. obscurifrons – P. obscurior – P. obscurithorax – P. obtusopilosa – P. obtusospinosa – P. occipitalis – P. oceanica – P. ocellata – P. ochracea – P. oculata – P. ocypodea – P. oliveirai – P. olsoni – P. onifera – P. onyx – P. opaciventris – P. optiva – P. orbica – P. oswaldi – P. otisi – P. oxyops –
P

P. paiute – P. palenquensis – P. pallidula – P. pampana – P. paraensis – P. parasitica – P. pariana – P. parva – P. parvicorpus – P. parviocula – P. parvula – P. parvulogibba – P. peckorum – P. pedana – P. pegasus – P. peguensis – P. pelor – P. peltastes – P. penetralis – P. pepo – P. perdiligens – P. peregrina – P. perkinsi – P. perpilosa – P. perpusilla – P. perryorum – P. peruviana – P. petersoni – P. petrensis – P. philemon – P. philippi – P. phipsoni – P. pholeops – P. picata – P. picea – P. piceonigra – P. pidax – P. pieli – P. pilifera – P. pilispina – P. piliventris – P. pilosior – P. pinealis – P. pinicola – P. plagiaria – P. planidorsum – P. planifrons – P. plato – P. platypus – P. plebecula – P. plinii – P. podargea – P. polita – P. polymorpha – P. porcula – P. poringensis – P. portalensis – P. potosiana – P. praegrandis – P. praeses – P. praeusta – P. prattorum – P. prelli – P. prolixa – P. pronotalis – P. prostrata – P. protaxi – P. protea – P. protensa – P. providens – P. proxima – P. psammophila – P. psilogaster – P. pubiventris – P. pugnax – P. pulchella – P. pullula – P. punctatissima – P. punctithorax – P. punctulata – P. purpurascens – P. puttemansi – P. pygmaea – P. pyriformis –
Q

P. quadrensis – P. quadriceps – P. quadricuspis – P. quadriprojecta – P. quadrispinosa – P. quercicola – P. quiaccana – P. quinata –
R

P. rabo – P. radoszkowskii – P. ragnax – P. ranohirensis – P. rebeccae – P. reclusi – P. recondita – P. rectiluma – P. rectisentis – P. rectispina – P. rectitrudis – P. reichenspergeri – P. renae – P. renirano – P. retivertex – P. retronitens – P. rhea – P. rhinoceros – P. rhytifera – P. rinae – P. risii – P. riveti – P. roberti – P. rochai – P. rogeri – P. rogersi – P. rohani – P. roosevelti – P. rosae – P. rosula – P. rotundiceps – P. roushae – P. rubiceps – P. rudigenis – P. ruficeps – P. rufipilis – P. rugaticeps – P. rugatula – P. rugiceps – P. rugifera – P. rugithorax – P. rugocephala – P. rugofitarata – P. rugosa – P. rugosula – P. rugulosa – P. ruida – P. rutilana – P. ryukyuensis –
S

P. sabahna – P. sabella – P. sabina – P. sagana – P. sagax – P. sagei – P. sagittaria – P. sarawakana – P. sarcina – P. sarpedon – P. sauberi – P. sauteri – P. sava – P. saxicola – P. sayapensis – P. scabriuscula – P. scabriventris – P. scalaris – P. scapulata – P. schmalzi – P. schoedli – P. schoutedeni – P. schultzei – P. schwarzmaieri – P. sciara – P. scimitara – P. sciophila – P. scitula – P. scolioceps – P. scrobifera – P. sculptior – P. sculpturata – P. securiger – P. seeldrayersi – P. selathorax – P. seligmanni – P. semidea – P. semilaevis – P. senex – P. senilis – P. sensitiva – P. sepulchralis – P. sericella – P. servilia – P. setosa – P. setsukoae – P. severini – P. sexdentata – P. sexspinosa – P. sharpi – P. sicaria – P. sigillata – P. sikorae – P. similigena – P. simoni – P. simonsi – P. simplex – P. simplispinosa – P. sinaitica – P. singaporensis – P. singularis – P. sinica – P. sitiens – P. skwarrae – P. smythiesii – P. socrates – P. soesilae – P. sofia – P. soritis – P. sospes – P. spadonia – P. sparsa – P. spathicornis – P. spathifera – P. spathipilosa – P. specularis – P. speculifera – P. sperata – P. sphaerica – P. spilota – P. spinicornis – P. spininodis – P. spinoda – P. spinulosa – P. squalida – P. steinheili – P. stigma – P. stomachosa – P. strator – P. striata – P. striaticeps – P. strigosa – P. stulta – P. styrax – P. subaberrans – P. subarmata – P. submonticola – P. subnuda – P. subreticulata – P. subsphaerica – P. sulcaticeps – P. superba – P. susannae – P. susanowo – P. sykesii – P. symbiotica – P. synarmata –
T

P. tachigaliae – P. tachirana – P. taivanensis – P. tambopatae – P. tampony – P. tandjongensis – P. tanyscapa – P. tarchon – P. tarda – P. tasmaniensis – P. taurus – P. tawauensis – P. tayrona – P. templaria – P. tenebra – P. tenebricosa – P. tenerescens – P. teneriffana – P. tennantae – P. tenuiclavata – P. tenuinodis – P. tenuis – P. tepicana – P. tepuicola – P. termitobia – P. termitophila – P. terraceensis – P. terresi – P. terribilis – P. tetra – P. tetracantha – P. tetrica – P. tetroides – P. texana – P. texticeps – P. thrasys – P. tigris – P. tijucana – P. tillandsiarum – P. tisiphone – P. titanis – P. tjibodana – P. tobini – P. tolteca – P. torosa – P. trachyderma – P. trageri – P. tragica – P. traini – P. transfigens – P. transversostriata – P. trapezoidea – P. treubi – P. tricarinata – P. trichotos – P. tricolor – P. triconstricta – P. trinitatis – P. triplex – P. tristicula – P. tristis – P. tristops – P. triumbonata – P. truncula – P. tsailuni – P. tsaravoniana – P. tschinkeli – P. turneri – P. tuxtlasana – P. typhlos – P. tysoni –
U

P. ulothrix – P. umbonata – P. umphreyi – P. uncagena – P. unicornis – P. upeneci – P. ursus –
V

P. vadum – P. vafella – P. vafra – P. valens – P. vallicola – P. vallifica – P. vanderveldi – P. variabilis – P. variceps – P. variegata – P. variolosa – P. vatovavensis – P. vatu – P. veletis – P. velox – P. venatrix – P. verricula – P. vestita – P. veteratrix – P. victima – P. victoris – P. vieti – P. vigilans – P. violacea – P. virago – P. viriosa – P. vistana – P. voasara – P. voeltzkowii – P. vohemarensis – P. volontany – P. vomer – P. vony – P. vorax – P. vulcan – P. vulgaris –
W

P. walkeri – P. wallacei – P. wardi – P. watsoni – P. weiseri – P. wheelerorum – P. wiesei – P. williamsi – P. wilsoni – P. wolfringi – P. woodmasoni – P. wroughtonii –
X

P. xanthocnemis – P. xanthogaster – P. xerophila – P. xocensis – P. xyston –
Y

P. yaqui – P. yeensis – P. yucatana –
Z

P. zavamanira – P. zelata – P. zeteki – P. zhoushanensis – P. zoster –
†

†P. anticua – †P. cordata – †P. primigenia – †P. tertiaria – †P. tethepa
Name

Pheidole Westwood, 1839: 219

Type species: Atta providens by monotypy.

Synonyms

Allopheidole Forel
Anergatides Wasmann
Anisopheidole Forel, 1914 [syn. by Ward et al., 2014]
Type-species: Pheidole froggatti (junior synonym of Atta antipodum), by monotypy.
Bruchomyrma Santschi
Cardiopheidole Wheeler
Cephalomorium Forel
Ceratopheidole Pergande 1896: 889. Original description. Type: Pheidole (Ceratopheidole) granulata Pergande, by monotypy. Described as subgenus of Pheidole Westwood.
Conothoracoides Strand
Conothorax Karavaiev
Decapheidole Forel
Elasmopheidole Forel
Electropheidole Mann
Epipheidole Wheeler
Eriopheidole Kusnezov
Gallardomyrma Bruch
Hendecapheidole Wheeler
Ischnomyrmex Mayr Junior synonym of Aphaenogaster Mayr.
Isomyrmex Mayr
Isopheidole Forel
Leptomyrma Motschulsky 1863: 17, Leptomyrma gracilipes Motschulsky, by monotypy.
Machomyrma Forel, 1895: 425 [syn. by Ward et al., 2014]
Type-species: Liomyrmex dispar, by monotypy
Macropheidole Emery
Oecophthora Heer
Parapheidole Emery
Pheidolacanthinus Smith 1865: 75, Type: Pheidolacanthinus armatus Smith, by monotypy.
Phidola Schulz
Phidole Bingham
Scrobopheidole Emery
Stegopheidole Emery
Sympheidole Wheeler
Trachypheidole Emery

References
Primary references

Westwood, J.O. 1839. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Volume 2. Part XI. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, pp. 193-224. [original description: p. 219]
Ward, P.S., Brady, S.G., Fisher, B.L. & Schultz, T.R. 2014 [2015]. The evolution of myrmicine ants: phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic entomology 40(1): 61–81. DOI: 10.1111/syen.12090 Reference page. [syn. nov. of Anisopheidole and Machomyrma]

Additional references

Casadei-Ferreira, A., Chaul, J.C.M. & Feitosa, R.M. 2019. A new species of Pheidole (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from Dominican amber with a review of the fossil records for the genus. Zookeys, 866: 117–125. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.866.35756 Reference page.
Moreau, C.S. 2008: Unraveling the evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 48 (1): 224–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.020 PDF
Chen, Z.; Ye, D.; Lu, C.; Zhou, S. 2011: New species of the ant genus Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Hainan Province, China. Sociobiology, 58 (1): 1–8.
Eguchi, K. et al. 2016: The first discovery of the "Pheidole quadricuspis group" in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Revue suisse de zoologie, 123(1): 45–55. Abstract Reference page.
Fischer, G.; Fisher, B.L. 2013: A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala. Zootaxa 3683(4): 301–356. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1 Reference page.
Fischer, G.; Garcia, F.H.; Peters, M.K. 2012: Taxonomy of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region: definition of species groups and systematic revision of the Pheidole pulchella group. Zootaxa, 3232: 1–43. Preview
Gómez, K., Kouakou, L.M., Fischer, G., Hita-Garcia, F., Katzke, J. & Economo, E.P. 2022. Pheidole klaman sp. nov.: a new addition from Ivory Coast to the Afrotropical pulchella species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Myrmicinae). ZooKeys 1104ː 129–157. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1104.81562 Open access Reference page.
Westwood, J. O. 1839: An introduction to the modern classification of insects. Vol. 2 , part 11, pp. 193–224. London.
Westwood, J. O. 1840: Observations on the genus Typhlopone, with descriptions of several exotic species of ants. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 6: 81–89.
Roger. 1863: Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7 (suppl.): 1–65.
Mayr, G. 1867: Adnotationes in monographiam formicidarum Indo-Neerlandicarum. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, (2)2 (10): 33–118.
Salata, S. & Fisher, B.L. 2020. Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Madagascar – an introduction and a taxonomic revision of eleven species groups. ZooKeys, 905: 1–235. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.905.39592 Open access Reference page.
Salata, S. & Fisher, B.L. 2020. Taxonomic revision of the Pheidole sikorae species group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Madagascar. ZooKeys, 949: 1–185. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.949.51269 Open access Reference page.
Sarnat, E.M., Fischer, G., Guénard, B. & Economo, E.P. 2015. Introduced Pheidole of the world: taxonomy, biology and distribution. ZooKeys 543: 1–109. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.543.6050 Reference page.
Zhou & Zheng. 1999: Taxonomic study of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood from Guangxi, with descriptions of three new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 24 (1): 83–88.
Park & Kim. 2000: Systematic study of Pheidolini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae) in Korea. Korean Journal of Entomology, 30 (2): 107–114.
Wilson, E.O. 2003: Pheidole in the New World. A dominant, hyperdiverse ant genus. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 794 pp.
Bolton, B. 2003: Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 71: 1–370.
Bharti, H., 2004: A new species of Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Myrmicinae: Formicidae: Hymenoptera) from India. Russian Entomological Journal 12 (3): 305–306. Full article: [1].
Burge. 2005: Taxonomy, biology, and distribution of seed harvesting ants in the Pheidole californica complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 14 (2): 137–150.
Green, O.R.; Gunawardana, D. 2006: Establishment and spread of another exotic ant Pheidole proxima Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in New Zealand. Weta, 32: 16–17. PDF
Sarnat, E.M. 2008: A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti-group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji. Zootaxa, 1767: 1–36. Abstract & excerpt
Picture page at AntWeb.org [2]
Longino, J.T. 2009: Additions to the taxonomy of New World Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 2181: 1–90. Abstract & excerpt
Özdikmen, H. 2010: New names for the preoccupied specific and subspecific epithets in the genus Pheidole Westwood, 1839 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Munis entomology & zoology, 5: 804–806.
Eguchi, K. 2001: A taxonomic study on Asian Pheidole (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): new synonymy, rank changes, lectotype designations and redescriptions. Insecta koreana, 18 (1): 1–35. PDF
ZooBank: A28B3BB1-E40C-4201-B610-EF7B219F26C3
Seifert, B. 2016. Inconvenient hyperdiversity – the traditional concept of "Pheidole pallidula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Soil organisms 88(1): 1–17. Abstract and full article (PDF) Reference page.

Vernacular names
hts: Huccuccume-ko
日本語: オオズアリ属
中文: 大头蚁属Pheidole is a genus of ants that belongs to the ant subfamily Myrmicinae. The genus is widespread and ecologically dominant. It probably includes more than 1000 species.[1] The genus first evolved in the Americas, eventually spreading across the globe.
Pheidole mendicula

Colony structure

Most species of Pheidole are dimorphic, which means that colonies contain two castes of workers, the "minor" workers, and the "major" workers, or "soldiers". The latter generally have much larger heads and mandibles in comparison to their usually fairly modest body size.

In addition, as in other ant species, a colony may contain one or several queens, and also in mature colonies, alates - virgin winged females and males.
Major workers

The distinctive major workers have earned the genus Pheidole the nickname of "big-headed ants". The major workers of a Pheidole colony, while they may look fierce, are often quite shy and are often the first to flee on any hint of danger. Many Pheidole species are the prey of parasitoid phorid flies that lay their eggs on the major workers; the fly larvae grow mainly in the head capsules of the victims, eventually decapitating them, and probably would starve in the bodies of minor workers.

In most cases, the major workers are employed within the nest to break up large food items, or outside to carry large items, such as seeds; many Pheidole species are ecologically important seed consumers ("harvesters").

Species list
Main article: List of Pheidole species

The genus contains over 1,000 species.[2] They include:

Pheidole acutidens
Pheidole argentina
Pheidole barreleti
Pheidole bicarinata
Pheidole bigote
Pheidole branstetteri
Pheidole braueri
Pheidole bula
Pheidole carinote
Pheidole cervicornis
Pheidole ceylonica
Pheidole clavata
Pheidole debilis
Pheidole decepticon
Pheidole dentata
Pheidole diffidens
Pheidole dodo
Pheidole elecebra
Pheidole elongicephala
Pheidole eowilsoni
Pheidole epiphyta
Pheidole fervens
Pheidole fossimandibula
Pheidole gracilipes
Pheidole gymnoceras
Pheidole harlequina
Pheidole harrisonfordi
Pheidole horni
Pheidole inquilina
Pheidole janzeni
Pheidole jonas
Pheidole karolmorae
Pheidole karolsetosa
Pheidole komori
Pheidole laevithorax
Pheidole lagunculinoda
Pheidole lanuginosa
Pheidole latinoda
Pheidole leoncortesi
Pheidole loki
Pheidole malinsii
Pheidole megacephala
Pheidole megatron
Pheidole microgyna
Pheidole neokohli
Pheidole nietneri
Pheidole noda
Pheidole obtusospinosa
Pheidole ochracea
Pheidole oculata
Pheidole pallidula
Pheidole pararugiceps
Pheidole parasitica
Pheidole parva
Pheidole pegasus
Pheidole phanigaster
Pheidole picobarva
Pheidole pronotalis
Pheidole psilogaster
Pheidole purpurea
Pheidole ragnax
Pheidole rhinomontana
Pheidole rugithorax
Pheidole rugosa
Pheidole sebofila
Pheidole simplispinosa
Pheidole spathifera
Pheidole sulcaticeps
Pheidole symbiotica
Pheidole templaria
Pheidole teneriffana
Pheidole uncagena
Pheidole vieti
Pheidole vulcan

References

E. O. Wilson (2003). Pheidole in the New World: A Dominant, Hyperdiverse Ant Genus. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00293-8.
Bolton, B. (2014). "Pheidole". AntCat. Retrieved 17 January 2015.