Hymenoptera

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordines (2): Apocrita – Symphyta (paraphyletic)
Overview of familiae

Extant groups (92): Agaonidae – Ampulicidae – Anaxyelidae – Andrenidae – Aphelinidae – Apidae – Argidae – Aulacidae – Austrocynipidae – Austroniidae – Bethylidae – Blasticotomidae – Braconidae – Bradynobaenidae – Cephidae – Ceraphronidae – Chalcididae – Chrysididae – Chyphotidae – Cimbicidae – Colletidae – Crabronidae – Cynipidae – Diapriidae – Diprionidae – Dryinidae – Embolemidae – Encyrtidae – Eucharitidae – Eulophidae – Eupelmidae – Eurytomidae – Evaniidae – Figitidae – Formicidae – Gasteruptiidae – Halictidae – Heloridae – Heterogynaidae – Ibaliidae – Ichneumonidae – Khutelchalcididae – Leucospidae – Liopteridae – Maamingidae – Megachilidae – Megalodontesidae – Megalyridae – Megaspilidae – Melittidae – Monomachidae – Mutillidae – Mymaridae – Mymarommatidae – Myrmosidae – Ormyridae – Orussidae – Pamphiliidae – Pelecinidae – Peradeniidae – Pergidae – Perilampidae – Platygastridae – Plumariidae – Pompilidae – Proctorenyxidae – Proctotrupidae – Pteromalidae – Rhopalosomatidae – Roproniidae – Rotoitidae – Sapygidae – Sclerogibbidae – Scolebythidae – Scoliidae – Sierolomorphidae – Signiphoridae – Siricidae – Sphecidae – Stephanidae – Tanaostigmatidae – Tenthredinidae – Tetracampidae – Thynnidae – Tiphiidae – Torymidae – Trichogrammatidae – Trigonalidae – Vanhorniidae – Vespidae – Xiphydriidae – Xyelidae
Fossil groups: †Bryopompilidae - †Mirolydidae - †Xyelydidae
Name

Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms

Aculeata Scopoli, 1763
Piezata Fabricius, 1798

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Aguiar, A.P., Deans, A.R., Engel, M.S., Forshage, M., Huber, J.T., Jennings, J.T., Johnson, N.F., Lelej, A.S., Longino, J.T., Lohrmann, V., Mikó, I., Ohl, M., Rasmussen, C., Taeger, A. & Yu, D.S.K. 2013. Order Hymenoptera. Zootaxa 3703(1): 51–62. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.12 Open access. Reference page.
Aguiar, A.P.; Gibson, G.A.P. 2010: The spatial complexity in describing leg surfaces of Hymenoptera (Insecta), the problem and a proposed solution. Zootaxa, 2415: 54–62. Preview
Bennett, A.M.R., Sheffield, C.S. & deWaard, J.R. 2019. Hymenoptera of Canada. Pp 311–360 In Langor, D.W. & Sheffield, C.S. (eds.). The Biota of Canada – A Biodiversity Assessment. Part 1: The Terrestrial Arthropods. ZooKeys 819: 520 pp. Reference page. . DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.28510 Reference page.
Santos, E.F. dos, Grandinete, Y.C. & Noll, F.B. 2015. Additions to the checklist of Scoliidae, Sphecidae, Pompilidae and Vespidae of Peru, with notes on the endemic status of some species (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). ZooKeys 519: 33–48. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.519.6501 Open access. Reference page.
Else, G.R., Bolton, B. & Broad, G.R. 2016. Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - aculeates (Apoidea, Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: e8050. DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.4.e8050. Reference page.
Goulet, H.; Huber, J.T. (eds.) 1993: Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Agriculture Canada publication 1894/E. ISBN 0-660-14933-8
Heraty, J. et al. 2011: Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 60(1): 73–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.003
Huber, J.T. 2009: Biodiversity of Hymenoptera. Pp. 303-323 in: Foottit, R.G.; Adler, P.H. (eds.) 2009: Insect biodiversity: science and society. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN 9781405151429
Jennings, J.T. & Austin, A.D. 2015: Synopsis of the hymenopteran fauna of Lord Howe Island with a preliminary checklist of species. Zootaxa 3931(3): 423–432. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3931.3.6. Reference page.
Kavallieratos, N.G., Stanković, S.S., Schwarz, M., Alissandrakis, E., Athanassiou, C.G., Floros, G.D. & Žikić, V. 2019. A survey of parasitoids from Greece with new associations. Zookeys, 817: 25–40. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.817.30119 Reference page.
Pagliano, G. 2008: Elenco mondiale dei generi di Hymenoptera con specie tipo. Monografie del Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, (43) Reference page.
Parizotto, D.R., Pires, A.C., Mise, K.M. & Ferreira, R.L. 2017. Troglobitic invertebrates: improving the knowledge on the Brazilian subterranean biodiversity through an interactive multi-entry key. Zootaxa 4365(4): 401–409. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.4.1 Reference page.
Penati, F. & Mariotti, A. 2015. Catalog of Hymenoptera described by Giovanni Gribodo (1846–1924) (Insecta). Zootaxa 3929(1): 1–183. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3929.1.1 [nonfunctional] Broken access. PDF. Reference page.
Sharkey, M.J. 2007: Phylogeny and classification of Hymenoptera. Pp. 521-548 In: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A. (eds) Linnaeus tercentenary: progress in invertebrate taxonomy. Zootaxa, 1668: 1–766. PDF
Sharkey, M.J., Carpenter, J.M., Vilhelmsen, L., Heraty, J.M., Liljeblad, J., Dowling, A.P.G., Schulmeister, S., Murray, D., Deans, A.R., Ronquist, F., Krogmann, L. & Wheeler, W.C. 2012. Phylogenetic relationships among superfamilies of Hymenoptera. Cladistics. 28(1): 80–112. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00366.x Paywall. Reference page.
Su, Y.N. 2016. A simple and quick method of displaying liquid-preserved morphological structures for microphotography. Zootaxa 4208(6): 592–593. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4208.6.6. Reference page.
Valentine, E.W.; Walker, A.K. 1991: Annotated catalogue of New Zealand Hymenoptera. DSIR Plant Protection report, (4) ISBN 0-477-02560-9
Vilhelmsen, L. 2001: Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoological journal of the Linnean Society, 131: 393–442. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb01320.x
Zuparko, R.L. 2015. Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa 4017(1): 1–126. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4017.1.1. Preview (PDF) Full article (PDF) ISBN 978-1-77557-793-5 (paperback); ISBN 978-1-77557-794-2 (Online edition). Reference page.

Links

Hymenoptera Online Database
HymATol
Hymenoptera – Taxon details on Paleobiology Database.

Vernacular names
Akan: Kotokrodu
Alemannisch: Hutfligler
беларуская: Перапончатакрылыя
বাংলা: হাইমেনপটেরা
català: Himenòpters
Deutsch: Hautflügler
English: Wasps, Bees and Ants
español: Himenópteros
eesti: Kiletiivalised
suomi: Pistiäiset
Nordfriisk: Hidjjügeten
français: Hyménoptères lv=Plēvspārņi
հայերեն: Թաղանթաթևավորներ
日本語: ハチ目 (膜翅目)
lietuvių: Plėviasparniai
polski: Błonkówki
português: Himenópteros
русский: Перепончатокрылые
slovenčina: Blanokrídlovce
slovenščina: Kožokrilci
српски / srpski: Опнокрилци
svenska: Steklar
Türkçe: Zar kanatlılar
中文: 膜翅目