Entiminae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Superfamilia: Curculionoidea

Familia: Curculionidae
Subfamilia: Entiminae
Supertribus: Cylydrorhinitae - Cyphiceritae - Entimintae - Hyperitae - Otiorhynchitae - Polydrusitae - Thecesteritae
Overview Tribu

Agraphini - Alophini - Anomophthalmini - Anypotactini - Blosyrini - Brachyderini - Byrsopagini - Celeuthetini - Cneorhinini - Cratopini - Cylydrorhinini - Cyphicerini - Dermatodini - Ectemnorhinini - Elytrurini - Embrithini - Entimini - Episomini - Erirhinini - Eudiagogini - Eupholini - Eurylobiini - Eustylini - Geonemini - Holcorbinini - Hormorini - Hyperini - Isanirini - Laparocerini - Leptostethini - Lordopini - Mesostylini - Myorhinini - Namaini - Nastini - Naupactini - Nothognathini - Omiini - Oosomini - Ophryastini - Ophtalmorrhynchini - Otiorhynchini - Ottistirini - Pachyrhynchini - Peritelini - Phyllobiini - Polycatini - Polydrusini - Premnotrypini - Pristorhynchini - Prypnini - Psallidiini - Rhyncogonini - Sciaphilini - Sitonini - Tanymecini - Tanyrhynchini - Thecesternini - Trachyphloeini - Tropiphorini - Typhlorhinini

Overview of genera

Cambefortinus – Cephalorostris – Chalepistes – Dodomeira – Expachyrhynchus – Geotragus – Hapactorrhynchus – Ioniorhynchus – Irenimus – Leschenius – Melathra – Moreiba – Scrobops – †Arostropsis
...

Genera incertae sedis: Austromonticola
Name

Entiminae Schönherr, 1826
References

Schönherr, C.J. 1826. Curculionidum dispositio methodica cum generum characteribus, descriptionibus atque observationibus variis seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae Insectorum. Fleischer, Lipsiae, part IV: X + 338 pp. BHL Reference page.
Bellò, C., Osella, G. & Baviera, C. 2017. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Dodomeira Bellò & Baviera, a new genus of Peritelini from Sicily (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Zootaxa 4334(1): 1–138. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4334.1.1. Reference page.
Brown, S.D.J. 2017: A revision of the New Zealand weevil genus Irenimus Pascoe, 1876 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Zootaxa, 4263(1): 1-42. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4263.1.1 Reference page.
Brown, S.D.J. 2017: Austromonticola, a new genus of broad-nosed weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from montane areas of New Zealand. ZooKeys, 707: 73-130. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.707.12649. Reference page.
Franz, N.M. & J.C. Giron, 2009: Scelianoma elydimorpha, a new genus and new species of entimine weevil from southwestern Puerto Rico (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Entiminae). Neotropical Entomology 38 (2): 219–230. DOI: 10.1590/S1519-566X2009000200009 Full article: [1]
Gosik, R.; Sprick, P. 2013: Morphology and identification of the pupae of several species of soil-dwelling broad-nosed weevils from Central Europe (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zootaxa 3731(4): 445–472. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.2 Reference page.
Germann, C., Borovec, R. & Braunert, C. 2015. Four new Entiminae from the Mediterranean region (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Phyllobiini, Trachyphloeini), with additional data on the distribution of some poorly known species. Zootaxa 4040(3): 345–358. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4040.3.6. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Gosik, R., Sprick, P. & Morris, M.G. 2019. Descriptions of immature stages of four species of the genera Graptus, Peritelus, Philopedon, and Tanymecus and larval instar determination in Tanymecus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae). Zookeys, 813: 111–150. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.813.30336 Reference page.
Hlaváč, P. & Skuhrovec, J.. 2016. Endogean and cavernicolous Coleoptera of the Balkans. XV. A new species of the genus Ioniorhynchus Magrini, Meoli & Abbazzi, 2005 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) from Greece. Zootaxa 4092(1): 129–138. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4092.1.8.Reference page.
Kuschel, G. 2008: Curculionoidea (weevils) of New Caledonia and Vanuatu: ancestral families and some Curculionidae. In: Grandcolas, P. (ed.), Zoologia Neocaledonica 6. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia. Mémoires du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 197: 99–250. ISBN 9782856536056 ISSN: 1243-4442
I.Löbl & A.Smetana (eds). 2012 Catalogue of Palearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 8: Curculionoidea II. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. p. 251-422
ISBN 978-90-04252-06-6
Schoenherr, C.J. 1826: Curculionidum dispositio methodica cum generum characteribus, descriptionibus atque observationibus variis seu Prodromus ad Synonymiae Insectorum, partem IV. Fleischer, Lipsiae: X + 338 pp. BHL
Velázquez de Castro, A.J., 2009: Sitonini del norte de África (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae). Boletín Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa 45: 73–89. Full article: [2].

Links

Subfamily Entiminae - atlas of weevils (Curculionidae) of Russia

Vernacular names
English: Broad-nosed weevils
norsk: Bredsnutebiller

The Entiminae are a large subfamily in the weevil family Curculionidae, containing most of the short-nosed weevils, including such genera as Entimus, Otiorhynchus, Phyllobius, Sitona, and Pachyrrhynchus. In comparison with their stunning diversity, only a few of these weevils are notorious pests of major economic importance. Entimines are commonly encountered in the field, including urban environments, and abundant in entomological collections.

Diversity

There are over 12000 described species worldwide, distributed in over 1370 genera,[1] nearly 14000 by more recent counts.[2] Most tribes are represented in only one biogeographic region of the world. The current classification within the subfamily has been recognized as artificial rather than reflecting natural groups.[1]
General morphology

Besides the shape of their broad and short rostrum, most entimines are easily recognized by the presence of a mandibular scar that appears when a deciduous process falls off the mandible, shortly after the emergence of the adult from the pupal stage.[3]
Ecology

In general, entimines tend to feed on a broad range of plants (polyphagous), but there are instances of oligophagy. In general, the larvae feed externally on roots in the soil and adults feed on foliage.[1][3] They also show preference for habitat or substrate rather than plant specificity.[1]

Entimine weevils are primarily associated with angiosperms, but there are also species recorded from gymnosperms. They feed on monocotyledoneous and a broad range of dicotyledoneous plants, including members of the families Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, and many more.[1]

The most commonly seen/known species are usually those associated with vegetation, where there is a trend to find more abundance and less diversity in cultivated areas, whereas forested or less disturbed areas tend to have more diversity and less abundance; there is a lot of diversity represented in the soil and on leaf litter, which is often overlooked.[4]

The most effective method for collecting entimines from vegetation would be using a beating sheet or by manual collecting; for soil entimines the best method would be leaf litter sifting.
Biology

Entimines may lay eggs loosely on the substrate, or in clusters glued onto the vegetation [5] and do not use their rostrum to prepare their oviposition site.[1] Over 50 species of entimines have been reported as parthenogenetic.[1]

The integument of entimines can be black, reddish, orange and even metallic in coloration. Many species of Entiminae are covered by scales arranged in a broad variety of patterns. Those scales bear three dimensional photonic crystals[6] within their lumen, which makes the scales iridescent.[1]

Many species are flightless, which usually can be seen externally: the elytral shoulders (outer anterior corners of the elytra) are reduced to absent in apterous and brachypterous forms and well-developed in species with well-developed wings.
Three drawings: first one on the left, shoulders absent (outer corner of elytra straight); center, shoulders weakly developed (outer corner of elytra slightly curved); right, shoulders well-developed (outer corners of elytra prominent)
Variation on development of elytral shoulders in entimine weevils.
Tribes

The current tribal classification of Entiminae follows Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal [7] for the most part, with a few updates by Bouchard et al.[8] The latest tribal addition is the Namaini Borovec & Meregalli.[9] Currently, there are 55 tribes recognized in the subfamily.

A key to identify tribes is presented by Legalov.[10]

Agraphini
Alophini
Anomophthalmini
Anypotactini
Blosyrini
Brachyderini
Celeuthetini
Cneorhinini
Cratopodini
Cylydrorhinini
Cyphicerini
Ectemnorhinini
Elytrurini
Embrithini
Entimini
Episomini
Eudiagogini
Eupholini
Eustylini
Geonemini
Holcorhinini
Hormorini
Laparocerini
Leptostethini
Lordopini
Mesostylini
Myorhinini
Nastini
Namaini
Naupactini
Nothognathini
Omiini
Oosomini
Ophryastini
Ophtalmorrhynchini
Otiorhynchini
Ottistirini
Pachyrhynchini
Peritelini
Phyllobiini
Polycatini
Polydrusini
Premnotrypini
Pristorhynchini
Prypnini
Psallidiini
Rhyncogonini
Sciaphilini
Sitonini
Tanymecini
Tanyrhynchini
Thecesternini
Trachyphloeini
Tropiphorini
Typhlorhinini

References

Marvaldi, A. E.; Lanteri, A. A.; del Río, M. G.; Oberprieler, R. G. (2014). "Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823.". In Leschen, R. and R. G. Beutel. (ed.). Handbook of Zoology, Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera, Volume 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 503–522.
Yunakov, N. (2021). "3i taxonomic databases, Curculionidae, subfamily Entiminae | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. doi:10.48580/d4sl-3f8. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
Anderson, R. S.; Howden, A. T. (2002). "131 Curculionidae Latreille, 1802, XII Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823". In Arnett, R.H.; M.C. Thomas; P.E. Skelley; J.H. Frank (eds.). American Beetles. Vol. II: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 722–815.
Girón, Jennifer C. (2020-12-30). "Status of knowledge of the broad-nosed weevils of Colombia (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae)". Neotropical Biology and Conservation. 15 (4): 583–674. doi:10.3897/neotropical.15.e59713. ISSN 2236-3777.
Howden, A. T. (1995). "Structures related to oviposition in Curculionoidea". Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington. 14: 53–102.
Seago, Ainsley E; Brady, Parrish; Vigneron, Jean-Pol; Schultz, Tom D (2009-04-06). "Gold bugs and beyond: a review of iridescence and structural colour mechanisms in beetles (Coleoptera)". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 6 (suppl_2): S165–S184. doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0354.focus. PMC 2586663. PMID 18957361.
Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A.; Lyal, C. H. C. (1999). A world catalogue of families and genera of Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) excluding Scolytidae and Platypodidae (PDF). Barcelona, Spain: Entomopraxis. pp. 315 pp – via International Weevil Community.
Bouchard, Patrice; Bousquet, Yves; Davies, Anthony; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel; Alonso-Zarazaga, Miguel; Lawrence, John; Lyal, Christopher; Newton, Alfred; Reid, Chris; Schmitt, Michael; Slipinski, Adam (2011-04-04). "Family-Group Names In Coleoptera (Insecta)". ZooKeys (88): 1–972. doi:10.3897/zookeys.88.807. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3088472. PMID 21594053.
Meregalli, Massimo; Borovec, Roman; Cervella, Piero; Santovito, Alfredo; Toševski, Ivo; Ottati, Sara; Nakládal, Oto (2021-09-01). "The Namaini, a new weevil tribe with six new genera from South Africa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (1): 95–123. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa142. ISSN 0024-4082.

Legalov, A. A. (2020). "Annotated key to weevils of the world: Part 5 - Subfamily Entiminae (Curculionidae)" (PDF). Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 10 (2): 332–346.