Diaspididae

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Paraneoptera
Superordo: Condylognatha
Ordo: Hemiptera
Subordo: Sternorrhyncha
Superfamilia: Coccoidea

Familia: Diaspididae
Tribus: Aspidiotini - Diaspidini - Leucaspidini - Odonaspidini - Parlatoriini
Overview of genera
A

Abgrallaspis – Acanthaspidiotus – Acanthomytilus – Achionaspis – Achorophora – Acontonidia – Acutaspis – Adiscodiaspis – Adiscofiorinia – Afiorinia – Africaspis – Africonidia – Agrophaspis – Aleucaspis – Allantomytilus – Aloaspis – Amphisoma – Anaimalaia – Anastomoderma – Ancepaspis – Andaspis – Annulaspis – Anoplaspis – Anotaspis – Antakaspis – Anzaspis – Aonidia – Aonidiella – Aonidomytilus – Aspidaspis – Aspidiella – Aspidioides – Aspidiotus – Aspidonymus – Augulaspis – Aulacaspis – Avidovaspis –
B

Balachowskiella – Balaspis – Banahaoa – Bantudiaspis – Batarasa – Bayokaspis – Benaparlatoria – Berlesaspidiotus – Berlesaspis –
C

Caia – Cameronaspis – Carulaspis – Cephalaspidiotus – Chentraspis – Chimania – Chinaspis – Chionandapsis – Chionaspis – Chlidaspis – Chortinaspis – Chrysomphalus – Circulaspis – Clavaspidiotus – Clavaspis – Coccomytilus – Contigaspis – Coronaspis – Costalimaspis – Crassaspidiotus – Crassaspis – Crenulaspidiotus – Crockeraspis – Cryptaspidiotus – Cryptaspidus – Crypthemichionaspis – Cryptodiaspis – Cryptoparlatorea – Cryptoparlatoreopsis – Cryptophyllaspis – Cryptoselenaspidus – Cupidaspis – Cynodontaspis –
D

Dactylaspis – Damaia – Davidsonaspis – Dentachionaspis – Dentaspis – Diaphoraspis – Diaspidiotus – Diaspidistis – Diaspidopus – Diaspis – Diastolaspis – Diaulacaspis – Dichosoma – Dicirculaspis – Diclavaspis – Dinaspis – Discodiaspis – Doriopus – Ductofrontaspis – Dungunia – Duplachionaspis – Duplaspidiotus – Duplaspis – Dynaspidiotus –
E

Entaspidiotus – Epidiaspis – Epifiorinia – Eremiaspis – Eucleaspis – Eudinaspis – Exuviaspis –
F

Felixiella – Fernaldanna – Ferreroaspis – Fijifiorinia – Fiorinia – Formosaspis – Fraseraspis – Froggattiella – Fulaspis – Furcaspis – Furchadaspis – Fusilaspis –
G

Gadaspis – Galeomytilus – Galeraspis – Genistaspis – Geodiaspis – Gonaspidiotus – Greenaspis – Greeniella – Guineaspis – Guizhoaspis – Gymnaspis – Gynandraspis –
H

Haliaspis – Heimaspis – Helaspis – Helenococcus – Hemiberlesia – Hemigymnaspis – Hovaspis – Howardia – Hulaspis – Hybridaspis – Hypaspidiotus –
I

Icaraspidiotus – Imerinaspis – Ischnafiorinia – Ischnaspis –
K

Kandraspis – Kochummenaspis – Koroneaspis – Kulatinganaspis – Kuwanaspis – Kyphosoma –
L

Labidaspis – Lapazia – Ledaspis – Lepidosaphes – Leptaspis – Leucaspis – Ligaspis – Lindingaspis – Lopholeucaspis – Loranthaspis –
M

Madagaspis – Madaparlaspis – Magnospinus – Malleolaspis – Mammata – Mancaspis – Marginaspis – Maskellia – Mauritiaspis – Mayonia – Medangaspis – Megacanthaspis – Melanaspis – Melayumytilus – Mempelaspis – Mercetaspis – Mesoselenaspidus – Metandaspis – Mimeraspis – Mimusaspis – Mitraspis – Mitulaspis – Mohelnaspis – Monaonidiella – Morganella – Multispinaspis – Murataspis – Mycetaspis – Myrtaspis – Myrtophila –
N

Namaquea – Namibia – Narayansaspis – Neochionaspis – Neoclavaspis – Neoischnaspis – Neoleonardia – Neoleucaspis – Neomorgania – Neoparlaspis – Neoparlatoria – Neopinnaspis – Neoquernaspis – Neoselenaspidus – Neparla – Nicholiella – Nigridiaspis – Nikkoaspis – Nimbaspis – Niveaspis – Notandaspis –
O

Obtusaspis – Oceanaspidiotus – Octaspidiotus – Odonaspis – Operculaspis – Opuntiaspis – Osiraspis –
P

Palauaspis – Palinaspis – Pallulaspis – Paradiaspis – Paraepidiaspis – Paraleucaspis – Parandaspis – Paraonidia – Parapandanaspis – Paraparlagena – Parlagena – Parlatoreopsis – Parlatoria – Pelliculaspis – Pellucidaspis – Pentacicola – Phaspis – Phaulomytilus – Pinangaspis – Pinnaspis – Poliaspis – Poliaspoides – Porogymnaspis – Praecocaspis – Prodigiaspis – Protancepaspis – Protargionia – Protodiaspis – Pseudaonidia – Pseudaulacaspis – Pseudischnaspis – Pseudodiaspis – Pseudoleucaspis – Pseudodonaspis – Pseudoparlatoria – Pseudoselenaspidus – Pseudotargionia – Pygalataspis –
Q

Quernaspis –
R

Ramachandraspis – Reclavaspis – Relhaniaspis – Remotaspidiotus – Rhizaspidiotus – Rolaspis – Rugaspidiotus – Rungaspis – Rutherfordia –
S

Sakalavaspis – Sakaramyaspis – Salicicola – Schizaspis – Schizentaspidus – Scleromytilus – Sclopetaspis – Scytalaspis – Selenaspidopsis – Selenaspidus – Selenomphalus – Semelaspidus – Semonggokia – Serenaspis – Serrachionaspis – Serrataspis – Shansiaspis – Silvestraspis – Singapuraspis – Sinoquernaspis – Sishanaspis – Situlaspis – Smilacicola – Spinaspidiotus – Symeria –
T

Taiwanaspidiotus – Takahashiaspis – Tamilparla – Tamuraspis – Tanaparlatoria – Targionia – Tecaspis – Thoa – Thysanaspis – Thysanofiorinia – Tollaspidiotus – Torosaspis – Trichomytilus – Triraphaspis – Trischnaspis – Trullifiorinia – Tsimanaspis – Tsimbazaspis – Tulefiorinia –
U

Ulucoccus – Unachionaspis – Unaspidiotus – Unaspis –
W

Velataspis – Vinculaspis –
X

Xanthophthalma – Xiphuraspis –
Y

Yomaspis – Youngus – Yuanaspis
References

Andersen, J.C. et al. 2010: A phylogenetic analysis of armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) based upon nuclear, mitochondrial, and endosymbiont gene sequences. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 57(3): 992–1003. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.05.002 Reference page.
Ben-Dov, Y. 2010: On new taxa and some described armoured scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) living in the galleries of the ant Melissotarsus insularis Santschi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Madagascar. Zootaxa, 2368: 49–58. Preview
Ben-Dov, Y. 2015: Description of a new species of Odonaspis Leonardi (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae) from Australia. Zootaxa 3980(3): 447–449. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3980.3.9. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Hardy, N.B. & Williams, D.J. 2018. Doubling the known endemic species diversity of New Caledonian armored scale insects (Hemiptera, Diaspididae). ZooKeys 782: 11–47. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.782.27938 Reference page.
Harris, A.C.; Bannister, J.M.; Lee, D.E. 2007: Fossil scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) in life position on an angiosperm leaf from an Early Miocene lake deposit, Otago, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37(1): 1–13. DOI: 10.1080/03014220709510531
Łagowska, B.; Hodgson, C. 2012: Two more new species of armoured scale insect (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) from Fiji. Zootaxa 3384: 60–67. Preview Reference page.
Miller, D. & Y. Ben-Dov, 2005: ScaleNet [1]
Özdikmen, H. 2011: Substitute names for two hemipteran genera names preoccupied by trilobites genera (Hemiptera). Munis entomology & zoology, 6(1): 475–476.
Pellizzari, G. & Porcelli, F. 2017. Aspidiotus bornmuelleri Lindinger, 1911, rev. comb. (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae), a neglected endemic species from Macaronesia, with comments on the genus Cryptophyllaspis, and further notes on the scale insect fauna of Canary Islands, Spain. Zootaxa 4300(1): 99–110. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.1.5. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Takagi, S. 1984. Some aspidiotine scale insects with enlarged setae on the pygidial lobes (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Insecta matsumurana (n.s.), (28) Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Takagi, S. 2005: FURTHER MATERIAL OF CAMERONASPIS, WITH OTHER FORMS (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIlDEA : DIASPIDIDAE). Matsumurana New Series 62: 153–174. Full article: [2].
Takagi, S., 2009: A new form of the tribe Odonaspidini from Palawan Island, representing a unique adaptive type (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Diaspididae). Matsumurana New Series 65: 131–147. Full article: [3].
Wei, J-F. & Zhao, Q. 2016. A new species of Octaspidiotus (Hemiptera, Diaspididae) from China. ZooKeys 605: 83-89. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.605.8944. Reference page.

Vernacular names
беларуская: Шчытоўкі
English: armoured scales
日本語: マルカイガラムシ科

Diaspididae is the largest family of scale insects with over 2650 described species in around 400 genera. As with all scale insects, the female produces a waxy protective scale beneath which it feeds on its host plant. Diaspidid scales are far more substantial than those of most other families, incorporating the exuviae from the first two nymphal instars and sometimes faecal matter and fragments of the host plant.[1] These can be complex and extremely waterproof structures rather resembling a suit of armor. For this reason these insects are commonly referred to as armored scale insects. As it is so robust and firmly attached to the host plant, the scale often persists long after the insect has died.

Some African Diaspididae are attended by ants of genus Melissotarsus. The ants appear to consume the armored scales because Diaspididae are completely naked when ant-attended; the ant nest itself remains completely hidden under the bark of the tree.[2]

Selected species

Well-known species include:

Abgrallaspis cyanophylli, the cyanophyllum scale
Aonidiella aurantii, the California red scale
Aonidomytilus crookiae the St. John's Wort Scale
Aulacaspis yasumatsui, the cycad aulacaspis scale
Carulaspis minima, the minute cypress scale
Diaspidiotus perniciosus, the San Jose scale
Hemiberlesia lataniae, the latania or palm scale
Lepidosaphes beckii, the citrus mussel scale
Lepidosaphes ulmi, the oystershell scale
Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae, the walnut scale

Genera
Main article: List of Diaspididae genera
References

Miller, Douglass R.; Davidson, John A. (2005). Armored Scale Insect Pests of Trees and Shrubs (Hemiptera : Diaspididae). Cornell University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-8014-4279-6.

Delabie, J.H.C. (2001). "Trophobiosis between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an overview". Neotropical Entomology. 30 (4): 501–516. doi:10.1590/S1519-566X2001000400001.

Борхсениус (Borchsenius), Н. С. (N. S.) (1966). Каталог щитовок (Диаспидоидеа) мировой фауны (A catalogue of the armoured scale insects (Diaspidoidea) of the world) (in Russian). Moscow: Академия наук СССР – Зоологический институт (Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences).
Howard, Forrest D. (2001). "Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha". In Howard, Forrest D.; et al. (eds.). Insects on Palms. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing. pp. 161–226. ISBN 978-0-85199-326-3.
Takagi, Sadao (2002). "One new subfamily and two new tribes of the Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea)" (PDF). Insecta Matsumurana. 59: 55–100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2013.